资源描述：
《地理信息系统教程(汤国安,英文版)》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、CatalogChapter1Introduction1.1Geography1.2InformationSystems1.3AManualGeographicInformationSystem1.4Applications1.5GeographicalConcepts1.6TheFourMsChapter2BackgroundandHistory2.1TheCartographicProcess2.2EarlyHistory2.3TheModernEraChapter3TheEssentialElementsofaGeographic
2、InformationSystem:AnOverview3.1GISFunctionalElements3.2DatainaGISChapter4DataStructures4.1RasterDataStructures4.1.1SimpleRasterArraysChapter1IntroductionAsinanyothertechnicalarea,therecanbeafairamountoftechnicalvocabularytolearnbeforeastudentcanbecomfortablewiththesubjec
3、t.Sincethistextisintroductorybydesign,wewilltrytobeconsistentinouruseoflanguage.Muchofthevocabularyofgeographicinformationsystemsoverlapsthatofcomputerscienceandmathematicsingeneral,andcomputergraphicsapplicationsinparticular.Weprovideaglossaryoftechnicaltermsattheendoft
4、histext,asareferenceforthestudent.1.1GeographyGeographyhasbeenfacetiouslydefinedasthatdisciplinewhich,whensomeuseisfoundforit,iscalledsomethingelse.Slightlymoreseriousscholarshavedefinedgeographyas"whatgeographersdo".TheGermanphilosopherImmanualKantsetgeographyintheconte
5、xtofthesciencesbystatingthatknowledgecouldbesubdividedintothreegeneralareas:1.thosedisciplinesthatstudyparticularobjectsorsetsofobjectsandphenomena(suchasbiology,botany,forestry,andgeology);2.thosedisciplinesthatlookatthingsthroughtime(inparticular,history);and3.thosedis
6、ciplinesthatlookatfeatureswithintheirspatialcontext(specifically,geographicdisciplines).Inamoreclassicalsense,thewordgeographymaybedefinedintermsofitsconstituentparts:geoandgraphy.GeoreferstotheEarth,andgraphyindicatesaprocessofwriting;thusgeography(inthisliteralinterpre
7、tation)meanswritingabouttheEarth.Anotherdefinitionofgeographyfocusesonman'srelationshipwiththeland.Intheirwritings,geographersdealwithspatialrelationships.Akeytoolinstudyingthesespatialrelationshipsisthemap.Mapspresentagraphicportraitofspatialrelationshipsandphenomenaove
8、rtheEarth,whetherasmallsegmentofitortheentireglobe.Itisinterestingthatinasurveyconductedtodeterminewhat
