资源描述：
《外科学总论英文名词解释》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、isotonicdehydrationoccurswhenthefluidlostisisotonicwithserum,asinsweating,simpleenteritis肠炎,nephrosis肾病.Therearethereforenoerrorsofelectrolyte电解液balancelikelytoresult.Theconcentrationofsodiumisinthenormalrange.hypotonicdehydrationoccurswhenthereislossofb
2、othsodiumandfluid.Theserumsodiumlevelfallsbelow135mmol/Landtheosmoticpressureofextracellularfluidislowerthannormal.hypertonicdehydrationAconditioncausedbytheexcessivelossofwaterfromthebody，whichthereislesselectrolytelossthanwater.Theserumsodiumlevelisove
3、r135mmol/Landtheosmoticpressureofextracellularfluidislowerthannormal.waterintoxication/dilutionalhyponatremiaanincreaseinthevolumeoffreewaterinthebody.Commoncausesareexcessiveingestionofwater,increasedinfusionsofhypotonicIVsolutions,orexcesssecretionsofa
4、ntidiuretichormone(ADH).Clinicalmanifestationsareabdominalcramps,nausea,vomiting,lethargy,anddizziness.Itcanpotentiallyleadtoconvulsions抽搐andcoma.hypokalemiaanabnormallylowserumpotassiumlevel(<3.5mmol/L).Hypokalemiamayoccurinmetabolicalkalosis,chronicdia
5、rrhea,Cushingsyndrome,primaryaldosteronism,andexcessiveuseofcortisone,orACTH.hyperkalemiaabnormallyhighpotassiumconcentrationintheblood(above5.5mmol/L),mostoftenduetodefectiverenalexcretion,asinkidneydisease,severeandextensiveburns,intestinalobstruction,
6、diabetesmellitus,acuterenalfailureandhypoadrenocorticism.metabolicacidosisDecreasedpH(below7.35)andbicarbonateconcentrationofthebodyfluidscausedeitherbytheaccumulationofexcessacidsstrongerthancarbonicacidorbyabnormallossesofbicarbonatefromthebody.metabol
7、icalkalosisAnincreaseinthealkalinityofbodyfluidsduetoanincreaseinalkaliintakeoradecreaseinacidconcentration,asfromvomiting.pHisover7.45.respiratoryacidosisAcidosisthatiscausedbyretentionofcarbondioxide,duetoinadequatepulmonaryventilationorhypoventilation
8、,andthatresultsinadecreaseinbloodpHunlesscompensatedforbyrenalretentionofbicarbonate.respiratoryalkalosisanabnormalconditioncharacterizedbyahighplasmapH(over7.45)resultingfromincreasedalveolarventilation.Theconsequentaccel
