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1、fundamentalprinciples基本原理evaporation蒸发blackbody黑体emptyspace真空区concentration浓缩visiblelight可见光radiation辐射distillate馏出液acetonitrile已腈precipitation沉淀cation阳离子hydroxide氢氧化物chromatography层析recrystallization重结晶sublimation升华physisorption物理吸附activatedcarbon活性炭hydrophilic亲水性heatexchanger换热器fractionatingcolu

2、mn精馏柱/塔volatilities挥发性tray塔板supernate上清液azeotropicdistillation共沸蒸馏supersaturated过饱和的silverchloride氯化银ionicreaction离子反应pharmaceutical制药的batchoperation间歇操作Freeze-drying冷冻干燥Separationprocess分离过程crystallization结晶Filtration过滤homogeneous均相的heterogeneous非均相的condensation冷凝thermodynamics热力学的liquefaction液化c

3、opper铜separation分离laminarflow湍流convection对流conduction传导phononvibration声子振动condensation冷凝thermodynamicsprocesses热力学过程elasticimpact弹性碰撞thermalenergy热能buoyancyforces浮力UnitOperation单元操作Heattransfer传热Radiation辐射componentparts(组分)fractionatingcolumn精馏柱（塔）silvernitrate硝酸银VacuumDrying真空干燥batchoperation间歇操

4、作continuousoperation连续操作Freeze-dryingprocess冷冻干燥过程triplepoint三相点latentheat潜热Sedimentation沉降Sublimation升华surfacetension（表面张力）Silicagel硅胶Zeolites分子筛，沸石abrasionresistance抗磨损性precipitate沉淀supersaturation过饱和unitcell晶胞latticeparameters晶格参数elasticimpact（弹性碰撞）foreignparticle杂质粒子1.Historically,thedifferent

5、chemicalindustrieswereregardedasdifferentindustrialprocessesandwithdifferentprinciples.In1923WilliamH.Walker,WarrenK.LewisandWilliamH.McAdamswrotethebookThePrinciplesofChemicalEngineeringandexplainedthevarietyofchemicalindustrieshaveprocesseswhichfollowthesamephysicallaws.Theysummed-upthesesimilar

6、processesintounitoperations.Eachunitoperationfollows(遵循）thesamephysicallawsandmaybeusedinallchemicalindustries.Theunitoperationsformthefundamentalprinciplesofchemicalengineering.2.Steadystateconductionistheformofconductionwhichhappenswhenthetemperature-differencedrivingtheconductionisconstantsotha

7、tafteranequilibrationtime,thespatialdistributionoftemperatures(termperaturefield)intheconductingobjectdoesnotchangeanyfurther.Forexample,abarmaybecoldatoneendandhotattheother,butthegradientofthetemperaturealongth