unit 1 -apa topss_notes_an introduction to the field of psychology

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1、Lesson1:Psychology:TheScientificStudyofBehaviorandMentalProcesses,AnAbbreviatedHistoryI.PrescientificPsychologyA.ReneDescartes(1596-1650)1.Viewedmindandthebodyasinteractivemachinesa.mindcouldinfluencethebodyandviceversab.allowedforbothvoluntaryandinvolun

2、tarybehavior2.Ruledoutorgansotherthanthebrain(e.g.,theheart)aslocationsofmentalfunctioning3.Humanmindsconsistedoftwokindsofideasa.Innateideas(i.e.,beliefin"God")b.Derivedideas(i.e.,allideasacquiredthroughexperienceorreflection)B.JohnLocke(1632-1704)1.Emp

3、iricistapproach-knowledgeshouldbeacquiredbycarefulobservation2.Opposednotionofinnateideas-allideascomefromexperienceorreflection3.Mindisa"blankslate"(Aristotle'stabularasa)writtenonbyexperienceII.FoundersofScientificPsychologyA.WilhelmWundt(1832-1920)1.F

4、oundedthefirstresearchlaboratoryinpsychology(Leipzig,Germany,1879)2.Researchmethodsincludedintrospection,psychophysicalmeasurements,andreactiontime3.Hissystemofpsychologyisoftenmisrepresentedandoversimplifieda.Includedseveraldiverseapproachestopsychology

5、b.Approachesincludedintrospectiveanalysisoftheelementsofconsciousnessandthestudyofhigher-ordermentalprocesses(suchaslanguageandthought)throughthestudyofcultureB.MaxWertheimer(1880-1943)1.FoundedGestaltPsychologyalongwithWolfgangKohler,KurtKoffkaandKurtLe

6、win2.Arguedthatanalysisofthemind'selementscouldnotcompletelyexplainconsciousness,thatthewholeisdifferentfromthesumofitsparts3.Didimportantresearchinperception,learning,andthinking.4.Researchonthinkingviewedasanantecedenttomoderncognitivepsychology.III.Ea

7、rlyMilestonesinScientificPsychologyA.G.StanleyHall1.EstablishedfirstpsychologylaboratoryintheU.S.(1883)atJohnsHopkinsUniversity2.StartedfirstAmericanpsychologyjournal(1887)--AmericanJournalofPsychologyB.HermanEbbinghaus:Publishedclassicstudiesonmemory(18

8、85)C.EdwardB.Titchener:WundtstudentwhospenthiscareeratComelluniversity,foundedthepsychologicalschoolofstructuralism,aperspectivepartiallybasedonWundtianconceptsthatsoughttoexplainconsciousnessbyanalyzingitsstructuralelemen