农业剩余：中国现代化发展的瓶颈--对晚清时期中国农村经济的研究

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1、【英文标题】AgriculturalSurplus：BottleneckofDevelopmentoftheModernizationofChineseAgriculture　　——AResearchoftheChineseRuralEconomvintheLateOingDvnastv　　【内容提要】中国现代化启动的命题具有自身的特殊性，必须从传统中国社会、政治、经济的特征出发加以考察。通过对晚清的农业、商业的发展状况的分析，不难发现这时期的经济发展水平无法提供足够的农业剩余，来推动现代化的进程；另一方面，中

2、国传统的政治统治形态也无法提供必要的政府支持，以完成中国的现代化转化。中国现代化启动的艰巨性是结构性的。【摘要题】近代经济史研究【英文摘要】AstheissueofthebeginningofChina'smodemizationhasitsownuniquecharacteristics，itmustbeapproachedfromthefeaturesoftraditionalChinesesociety，politicsandeconomy.Throughananalysisoftheagricultur

3、alandcommercialdevelopmentinthelateQingDynasty，itisnotdifficulttoseethat，attheeconomicdevelopmentlevel，itwasimpossibletoProvideenoughagriculturalsurplustosteelweldingprocedure6SH3525-2004petrochemicalJB/T4708-2000ofweldingprocedurequalificationforsteelpressu

4、revessels7JB/4709-20008JB4730-2005pressurevesselweldingproceduresofsteelpressurevesselNDT9JB/T4744-2000steelpressurevesselproductsmechanicalpropertiestestofweldedplateII,mechanicalequipmentinstallationengineering1GB150-982GB50128-2005verticalcylindricalsteel

5、pressurevesselsteelweldedspecificationforconstructionandacceptanceofoiltank3JB/T4735-1997steelweldedatmosphericpressurevessel4GB50231-2009mechanicalequipmentinstallationengineeringconstructionandacceptancespecificationfor5GB50275-98compressor,fanandpumpinsta

6、llationengineeringconstructionandacceptancespecificationforlifting6HG20201-2000constructioninstallationengineeringconstructionstandard7,HG...Pressuregauges,usinganinstalledsparkarrestorforacetylenecylinders,illegalcarrying,usinggascylinders,eachoperatorfined

7、20Yuan.Gasbottlewithoutthehotsunexposuremeasures,responsibilitiesofteamafineof50Yuan.(7)atheightandtheopeningandprovisionalprotectivemeasureshavebeentaken,theresponsibleunitfined200Yuan,constructionpersoninchargeafineof50Yuan.(8)nopermittoworkandthejobinacco

8、rdancewiththeprovisions,onthejobunitfined300yuan,theunitwillchargeafineof100Yuan.7.5.3accidentpenalties(1)injuriesfatalitiesdirectlypunished1~2million.Directresponsibilityfortheaccidentandhaveth