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1、外文文献翻译BRIDGEENGINEERINGANDAESTHETICSEvolvementofbridgeEngineering,briefreviewAmongtheearlydocumentedreviewsofconstructionmaterialsandstructuretypesarethebooksofMarcusVitruviosPolliointhefirstcenturyB.C.ThebasicprinciplesofstaticsweredevelopedbytheGreeks,andwereexemplified
2、inworksandapplicationsbyLeonardodaVinci,Cardeno,andGalileo.Inthefifteenthandsixteenthcentury,engineersseemedtobeunawareofthisrecord,andreliedsolelyonexperienceandtraditionforbuildingbridgesandaqueducts.ThestateoftheartchangedrapidlytowardtheendoftheseventeenthcenturywhenL
3、eibnitz,Newton,andBernoulliintroducedmathematicalformulations.PublishedworksbyLahire(1695)andBelidor(1792)aboutthetheoreticalanalysisofstructuresprovidedthebasisinthefieldofmechanicsofmaterials.Kuzmanovic(1977)focusesonstoneandwoodasthefirstbridge-buildingmaterials.Ironwa
4、sintroducedduringthetransitionalperiodfromwoodtosteel.Accordingtorecentrecords,concretewasusedinFranceasearlyas1840forabridge39feet(12m)longtospantheGaroyneCanalatGrisoles,butreinforcedconcretewasnotintroducedinbridgeconstructionuntilthebeginningofthiscentury.Prestressedc
5、oncretewasfirstusedin1927.Stonebridgesofthearchtype(integratedsuperstructureandsubstructure)wereconstructedinRomeandotherEuropeancitiesinthemiddleages.Thesearcheswerehalf-circular,withflatarchesbeginningtodominatebridgeworkduringtheRenaissanceperiod.Thisconceptwasmarkedly
6、improvedattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyandfoundstructurallyadequatetoaccommodatefuturerailroadloads.Intermsofanalysisanduseofmaterials,stonebridgeshavenotchangedmuch,butthetheoreticaltreatmentwasimprovedbyintroducingthepressure-lineconceptintheearly1670s(Lahire,1695).Thear
7、chtheorywasdocumentedinmodeltestswheretypicalfailuremodeswereconsidered(Frezier,1739).Culmann(1851)introducedtheelasticcentermethodforfixed-endarches,andshowedthatthreeredundantparameterscanbefoundbytheuseofthreeequationsofcoMPatibility.Woodentrusseswereusedinbridgesdurin
8、gthesixteenthcenturywhenPalladiobuilttriangularframesforbridgespans10feetlong.Thiseffortalsofocu
