门窗发展史(中英文)

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1、门窗发展历程EvolutionofWin-Door门窗，古时亦称为牅，在中国建筑文化中显得相当活跃，是一种独具文化意蕴于审美魅力的重要建筑构件。Win-door,consideredasYonginancienttimes,seemtoplayanactiveroleinarchitecturalcultureofChinaandtheyhavebeenservingasanimportantcomponentsforarchitect,whichboastuniquelyculturalimplicationandartcharm.我国传统窗饰艺术的

2、起源OriginoftraditionalwindowdecorationsinChina“袋形竖穴”（图1）Pocket-shapedverticalcave(Fig1)为出入和通风采光的方便，在顶盖一侧留一缺口，兼有门和窗的双重功能。Forthepurposeofaccess,ventilationandlighting,oneopeningismadeatonesideofthetopcoverwhichprovidesdoublefunctionsworkingaswin-door.“囱”（图2）Chimney(Fig2)固定在屋顶上的洞口，用

3、来通风排烟和采光;难以解决雨、雪的侵袭。Anopeningisconstructedonthetopoftheroomtoenableair,smokeandlighttopass.Itisnotabletoprotectfromrain&snow.“牖”(图3/4）窗的雏形Yong–Rudimentofwindow(Fig3&4)在很大程度上解决了房屋的防水问题,双坡屋架的形式便使得排烟、采光的洞口有条件置于房山尖上.Theissueofwaterproofoftheroomissolvedtoagreatextentinthisway.Thedou

4、blepitchoftheroofmakesitpossibletoplacetheopeningusedtodischargesmokeandobtainlightontheridgeoftheroof.我国最早的窗饰实物形态，在西周初见端倪（图5）。汉唐时期是窗饰艺术的发展期，出现了横披窗及直棂窗等新式类型，网纹、琐纹及球纹等窗棂纹样的窗饰；宋、辽、金时期是窗饰艺术发展的成熟期，出现了栏槛钩窗、落地长罩及隔扇窗等多种类型；明清时期是我国传统窗饰艺术发展期，出现支摘窗、码三箭漏明窗等多种造型丰富的窗饰类型，此后随着我国古代工艺技术的发展，窗饰的内容与

5、形式也不断增添着新的内容。TheearliestwindowdecorationinChinacameintophysicalformationintheWesternZhouDynasty(Fig5).ItwasdevelopingduringtheHan&TangDynastyinwhichthehorizontalhangingscroll：横披&mullionwindowsandcheckered,overlappedtextureaswellasballtextureinpatternofwindowdecorationappeared.So

6、ng,Liao,JinDynastyisthematureperiodforthetraditionalwindowdecorationwhenvariouspatternsofwindowssuchasremovablewindow,stone-madelatticedwindowcameintopresence.Fromthattimeon,thewindowdecorationshavedevelopedgreatlyinavarietyofpatternsandstructures.Fig1:CaveshelterinLaoyang,Henan

7、.Fig2:BanpoRelicsFig3:RuinsatDahevillageinZhenzhouFig4:ChinaclayroominGuangzhou4Fig5:CabinetusedtokeepslavetoreceivethepunishmentofcuttingfeetFig6:HorizontalhangingscrollwindowintheHan&MingDynastyFig7:WindowsashpatternsintheHan&MingDynastyFig8:FrontfacetofthehallinNanchantempleo

8、fShanxiintheTangDynasty.Fig9:BalldecorationinMi