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1、PartⅧTheVictorianAge(维多利亚时代)A.TheVictorianAge1.ItreferstotheperiodofthereignofQueenVictoria,fromheraccessionin1937andherdeathin1901,buttheeraofliteratureisfromtheReformBill（改革法案）in1932totheendoftheBoerWar（布尔战争）in1902.2.Threephrases:²TheearlyVictorianPeriod(1832--1854),thetimeoftroubles,theRefor
2、mBill&Chartism²Mid—VictorianPeriod(1855—1879),atimeofeconomicprospering,highestpointofdevelopmentasaworldpower²LastPeriod(1880—1902),atimecharacterizedbydecayofVictorianvalues(e.g.Self-control,familyloyalty,thrift,hardwork,etc).B.ThebackgroundAmidthemultitudeofsocialandpoliticalforcesofthisgrea
3、tage,fourthingsstandoutclearly.²First,theageofdemocracy;²Second,theageofpopulareducation,ofreligioustolerance;²Third,theageofcomparativepeace;²Fourth,theageofalltheartsandsciencesandinmechanicalinventions.C.ChartistMovement(宪章运动)ChartistMovement(1836-1848)wasorganizedbytheEnglishworkersinbigcit
4、iesandbroughtforththePeople’sCharter,inwhichtheydemandedbasicrightsandbetterlivingandworkingconditions.They,forthreetimes,madeappealstothegovernment,withhundredsofthousandsofpeople'ssignatures.Themovementsweptovermostofthecitiesinthecountry.Althoughthemovementdeclinedtoanendin1848,itdidbringsom
5、eimprovementtothewelfareoftheworkingclass.ThiswasthefirstmassmovementoftheEnglishworkingclass&theearlysignoftheawakeningofthepoor,oppressedpeople.D.LiteratureCurrent(文学思潮)1.Chartistliterature(宪章文学)²TheEnglishworkingclasscreatedaliteratureofitsownwhichcanbe,infulljustice,calledtheChartistLiterat
6、ure.²TheChartistwritersintroducedanewthemeintoliterature—thestruggleoftheproletariat(无产阶级)foritsrights.²SomegreatChartistpoetsareErnestJones(1819-1869),ThomasCooper(1805-1892),andWilliamJamesLinton(1812-1897).2.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义文学)²CriticalRealismisoneoftheliterarygenresthatmainlyflourishe
7、dinthe40sandintheearly50sinthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsnotonlygavethecriticismtobourgeoisieandallrulingclasses,buralsoshowedtheirdeepsympathyforthecommonpeople.HencehumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcen
