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1、大学英语语法基础详解Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)1.时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.2)过去完成进行时(由hadbeen+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.Wehadbeenwaiti
2、ngforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.4)将来完成时(由shall/willhave+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事.Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.T
3、hey’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.2.语态1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.I
4、tissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你应该晓得速度限制)2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一
5、个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.Theroomwasalways
6、keptcleanandtidy.1.短语动词1)Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.2)Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态)She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.4)Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.5)Vt+O+advSomewomenchooset
7、ostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.Theytookhimon.6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.7)Vt+O+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.2.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可
8、以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.Althoughnotyetsixmonthso
