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1、英文资料翻译ComputerLanguageandProgrammingI.IntroductionProgramminglanguages,incomputerscience,aretheartificiallanguagesusedtowriteasequenceofinstructions(acomputerprogram)thatcanberunbyacomputer.Similartonaturallanguages,suchasEnglish,programminglanguageshaveavocabulary,grammar,andsyntax.However
2、,naturallanguagesarenotsuitedforprogrammingcomputersbecausetheyareambiguous,meaningthattheirvocabularyandgrammaticalstructuremaybeinterpretedinmultipleways.Thelanguagesusedtoprogramcomputersmusthavesimplelogicalstructures,andtherulesfortheirgrammar,spelling,andpunctuationmustbeprecise.Progr
3、amminglanguagesvarygreatlyintheirsophisticationandintheirdegreeofversatility.Someprogramminglanguagesarewrittentoaddressaparticularkindofcomputingproblemorforuseonaparticularmodelofcomputersystem.Forinstance,programminglanguagessuchasFORTRANandCOBOLwerewrittentosolvecertaingeneraltypesofpro
4、grammingproblems—FORTRANforscientificapplications,andCOBOLforbusinessapplications.Althoughtheselanguagesweredesignedtoaddressspecificcategoriesofcomputerproblems,theyarehighlyportable,meaningthattheymaybeusedtoprogrammanytypesofcomputers.Otherlanguages,suchasmachinelanguages,aredesignedtobe
5、usedbyonespecificmodelofcomputersystem,orevenbyonespecificcomputerincertainresearchapplications.Themostcommonlyusedprogramminglanguagesarehighlyportableandcanbeusedtoeffectivelysolvediversetypesofcomputingproblems.LanguageslikeC,PASCALandBASICfallintothiscategory.II.LanguageTypesProgramming
6、languagescanbeclassifiedaseitherlow-levellanguagesorhigh-levellanguages.Low-levelprogramminglanguages,ormachinelanguages,arethemostbasictypeofprogramminglanguagesandcanbeunderstooddirectlybyacomputer.Machinelanguagesdifferdependingonthemanufacturerandmodelofcomputer.High-levellanguagesarepr
7、ogramminglanguagesthatmustfirstbetranslatedintoamachinelanguagebeforetheycanbeunderstoodandprocessedbyacomputer.Examplesofhigh-levellanguagesareC,C++,PASCAL,andFORTRAN.Assemblylanguagesareintermediatelanguagesthatareveryclosetomachinelanguagesanddonothav
