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1、外文文献翻译BRIDGEENGINEERINGANDAESTHETICSEvolvementofbridgeEngineering,briefreviewAmongtheearlydocumentedreviewsofconstructionmaterialsandstructuretypesarethebooksofMarcusVitruviosPolliointhefirstcenturyB.C.ThebasicprinciplesofstaticsweredevelopedbytheGreeks,andwereexemplifiedinworksa
2、ndapplicationsbyLeonardodaVinci,Cardeno,andGalileo.Inthefifteenthandsixteenthcentury,engineersseemedtobeunawareofthisrecord,andreliedsolelyonexperienceandtraditionforbuildingbridgesandaqueducts.ThestateoftheartchangedrapidlytowardtheendoftheseventeenthcenturywhenLeibnitz,Newton,a
3、ndBernoulliintroducedmathematicalformulations.PublishedworksbyLahire(1695)andBelidor(1792)aboutthetheoreticalanalysisofstructuresprovidedthebasisinthefieldofmechanicsofmaterials.Kuzmanovic(1977)focusesonstoneandwoodasthefirstbridge-buildingmaterials.Ironwasintroducedduringthetran
4、sitionalperiodfromwoodtosteel.Accordingtorecentrecords,concretewasusedinFranceasearlyas1840forabridge39feet(12m)longtospantheGaroyneCanalatGrisoles,butreinforcedconcretewasnotintroducedinbridgeconstructionuntilthebeginningofthiscentury.Prestressedconcretewasfirstusedin1927.Stoneb
5、ridgesofthearchtype(integratedsuperstructureandsubstructure)wereconstructedinRomeandotherEuropeancitiesinthemiddleages.Thesearcheswerehalf-circular,withflatarchesbeginningtodominatebridgeworkduringtheRenaissanceperiod.Thisconceptwasmarkedlyimprovedattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyan
6、dfoundstructurallyadequatetoaccommodatefuturerailroadloads.Intermsofanalysisanduseofmaterials,stonebridgeshavenotchangedmuch,butthetheoreticaltreatmentwasimprovedbyintroducingthepressure-lineconceptintheearly1670s(Lahire,1695).Thearchtheorywasdocumentedinmodeltestswheretypicalfai
7、luremodeswereconsidered(Frezier,1739).Culmann(1851)introducedtheelasticcentermethodforfixed-endarches,andshowedthatthreeredundantparameterscanbefoundbytheuseofthreeequationsofcoMPatibility.WoodentrusseswereusedinbridgesduringthesixteenthcenturywhenPalladiobuilttriangularframesfor
8、bridgespans10feetlong.Thiseffortalsofocu
