初升高英语衔接学习第1讲

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初升高英语衔接学习第1讲名词一、名词的分类：根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。1.可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。以V结尾的专有名诃,或元音字母+Y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加S变复数:以。结尾的名词，变复数时：以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时常去f,fe加ves,考点回顾：herofamilypotatoholiday_knife_photostoryleaf2.名词复数的不规则变化1）childfoottoothmousemanpolicewomananEnglishmanGerman2）deersheepfishChineseoneyuanameter3）mathsphysicsnews4）glass（一副眼镜）trousers（一条裤子）shoe（一双鞋）3.不可数名词一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an,若要表示它的个体意义时，一般需要将其量化。不可数名词如何量化：就是在不可数名词前面加上“数词+量词+0f”最常见的不可数名词有：advice,baggage,change（零钱）,furn让ure（家具），hair,homework,information,knowledge,luggage（行李），money,news,progress,traffic不可数名词量的表示aglassofwater一杯水一块蛋糕一张纸双短袜一瓶牛奶一盒巧克力块肥皂一条情报4.另外还有一些名词，即可做不可数名词也可做可数名词，但意思不相同。单词可数名词意思不可数名词意思单词可数名词意思不可数名词意思work工作German德国人wood木头life生活，人生Chicken小鸡Exercise练习，体操Paper报纸，试卷纸Orange橘rRoom房间Glass玻璃杯Time时间Japanese日语Light灯fish鱼肉2.）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：clothes,people,trousers,glasses,scissors,thanks,congratulations,wishes,police,stairs（楼梯）,works（著作），woods（森林）,times（时代）3）只行复数形式的名词

1trousers裤子，pants裤子，shorts短裤glasses眼镜，compasses圆规，scales天平，pliers钳子，clips剪子4）单复数同型的单词fishft,deer鹿，sheep绵羊，works（工厂），means手段，Swiss瑞士人，Chinese中国人，news新闻，goods商品5.修饰可数名词的词有：修饰不可数名词的词有即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some（any）,no,alotof.二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）名词作定语一•般用单数，但也有以下例外。1）用复数作定语。运动会学生阅览室2）man,woman,等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。女老师男警察3）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozeneggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）十里路两百棵树一个五年计划三、名词的格1.有生命的人、物及其他名词的所有格在词尾加“'s”，男孩的书包2.词词尾已有-s,只加，，教师节双胞胎的父母3.时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-'s今天的报纸十分钟的路程4.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,在理发店去诊所5.凡不能加“‘s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，歌的名字我家的窗户6.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's,则表示“分别有"；只有一个's,则表示，共有、如：John'sandMary'srooms（两间）JohnandMary'sroom（一间）7.双重所有格形式：anovelofMarkTwin'safriendofmyfather's/mine名词练习㈠、基本题型一.写出下列名词的复数形式1、orange2、class3-text4、monkey5、piano6、child7、shelf8、bed9、country

210>family11>toy12、foot13、Japanese_—14、radio—15>photo16>army—17、tomato一18、fbx19、woman20、knife22、sheep㈡、选择填空1、Thereonthewall.Theyareverybeautiful.A.arephotoesB.arephotosC.isaphotoD.isphotos2.ThiscarmadeinShanghai.A.isB.areC.wereD.has3.Therearefourandtwointhegroup.A.Japanese,GermenBJapaneses,GermenC.Japanese,GermanC.Japanese,Germans4.That'sartbook.A.anB.aC.theDare5.Theboyshavegotalready.A.twobreadB.twobreadsC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopieceofbread6.Theoldmanwants.A.sixboxesofapplesB.sixboxesofappleC.sixboxofapplesD.sixboxsofapples7.Theresomeintheriver.A.is,fishB.are,fishsC.is,fishsD.are,fish8.Theretwointhebox.A.iswatchB.arewatchesC.arewatchD.iswatches9.Weshouldcleantwiceaday.A.ourtoothB.ourtoothsC.teethD.ourteethlO.Themeetingroomisnearthereadingroom.A.teacherB.teacher'sC.teachers,D.teachers11.InBritainareallpaintedred.A.letterboxesB.lettersboxesC.letterboxD.lettersbox12.Therearebirdsinthatbigtree.A.hundredsofB.fivehundredsofC.fivehundredofD.hundredof13.June1stisDayallovertheworld.A.Child'sB.Childs'C.Children'sD.Childrens,14.September10thisDayinChina,isn'tit?A.TeachefsB.Teachers'C.TeacherD.Teacherof14.ismadeof.

3A.Glass;glassB.Aglass;glassC.Glasses;glassesD.Aglass;glasses16.Thisisnews.A.suchagoodB.averygoodC.sogoodaD.suchgood17.Whatitis!Let'sgoswimming.A.afineweatherB.finedayC.afinedayD.badweather18.TheylikeChinese.A.foodandpeoplesB.foodsandpeopleC.foodsandpeopleD.foodandpeople19.LucyandIgotoschooleveryday.A.onfeetB.onfootC.byfootsD.bybuses20.-Arethose?-No,theyaren't.They're.A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows21.Whatareyoulisteningto,Jane?or?A.amusic;anewsB.music;newsC.music;newsD.music;anews22.Thatbusdriverdranktwo.A.glassofwaterB.glassesofwatersC.cupsofteaD.cupoftea23.Mrs.Smithisanoldfriendof.A.Bob'smotherB.Bob'smother9sC.motherofBobD.Bobmother,s24.Thetallmanwithabignoseisteacher.A.TomandCarlB.Tom?sandCarFsC.TomandCarfs

416.Thereistreeinourschool.A.a8-metres-tallB.an-8-metre-tallC.an8metrestall26.Howmanyandarethereinyourclass?A.boystudent;girlonesB.girlsstudents;boysonesC.boysstudent;girloneD.girlstudents;boyones27.Agroupofaretalkingwithtwooverthere.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenD.Germans;Frenchmans㈢、综合型l.Intime,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.fewyearB.afewyears'C.fewyearsD.afewyeafs2.Didyouhearthereport?A.policeB.policemen'sC.policemans'D.policemens'3.Weboughtformymother,sbirthday.A.somemeatsB.somepiecesmeatC.apieceofmeatD.piecesofmeats4.-Whoseisthisnewdesk?・It's.A.SueandJim'sB・SueandJimC.Sue'sandJim's5.-Wouldyoulikecoffee?-No,thanks.Tvedrunktwo_.

5A.any;bottlesoforangeB.little;bottleoforangesC.some;bottlesoforangeD.afew;bottleoforange2.-Howmanydoyouwant?-Two,please.A.kilosofeggB.kiloofeggsC.kilosofeggsD.kiloofbread3.Therailwaystationistwofromourhouse.A.houfsdriveB.hours'driveC.hour-driveD.hoursdrive4.-Whereareyougoing,Lucy?-.A.TomyuncleB.Tomyuncle'sC.AtmyuncleD.Atmyuncle's5.Haveyouread?A.anewspaperoftoday'sB.todaynewspaperC.today*snewspaper6.There9realotofdownthere,buthardlyany.A.horse;peopleB.horses;peoplesC.cow;peopleD.sheep;people7.Lucyputalotofinoftea.（2000西安）A.sugar;thetwocupB.sugars;thetwocupsC.sugar;thetwocupsD.sugars;twocupsA.somegoodinformationB.somegoodinformationsC.goodinformationsD.agoodinformation13.-Isthisyourroom?-No,it飞room.（2000广州）A.boxofappleB.boxesofapplesC.boxofapplesD.boxesofapple

613.-Helpyourselftosome.-Thankyou.Ireallylikethem.（2001汕头）A.fishB.orangeC.breadD.cakes14.ThisisanoldphotoofminewhenI.（2001吉林）A.haveshorthairsB.hadshorthairsC.haveshorthairD.hadshorthair15.Whereissweater?Ican'tseeit.（2001四川）A.LucyB.LucysC.Lucy's16.Thelittlebabyhastwoalready.（2001天津）A.toothB.toothsC.teethD.teeths17.Weallhadlastmonth.Didyoutraveltoanywhere?A.sevendays'holidayB.sevenday'sholidayC.seven-daysholidayD.aseven-daysholiday18.YesterdayafewcametovisitsomeinShantou.A.German;placesofinterestB.Germans;placesofinterests

7C.Germans;placesofinterestD.Germen;placesofinterest13.Whenautumncomes,ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.A.leafB.leafsC.leaveD.leaves代词人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词IYouHeSheWeTheyYouIt1.人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：Isawherwiththem。a.—Whobrokethevase?-b.—Me.（me=It'sme.）2.）宾格代替主格：a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾语。---IlikeEnglish.—Metoo.----Havemorewine?---Notme.b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。HeistallerthanI/me.Heistallerthan1am.3）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。4）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。5）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：you,he/sheandI6）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：we,youandthey2.物主代词（…人的）：包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词形容词性的物主代词+名词；名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+名词3.反身代词：（1）加强语气，起强调作用，“…自己”，“亲自”，“本人”（2）用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者，也是动作的承受者.常见的这

8类动词仔teach,dress,help,lookafter,enjoy,hurt,wash2.不定代词(1)none(of)指人或物回答howmany/much的问题nobody,noone指人nothing指物(2)one指人或物，复数为ones,that指物(不可数名词),it指代前面提到的物体Ihavegotanicewatch.Wouldyouliketobuyone?(awatch)Ihavegotanicewatch.Doyoulikeit?(thewatch)TheweatherhereisbetterthanthatinBeijing,(theweather)(3)三者或三者以上：all(全部，都)any(任何一个)none(一个也没有)两者：bolh(全部，都)either(任意一个)neither(一个也没有)*not与both,all连用表示部分否定.⑷some用于肯定句中也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中any用于疑问句、否定句中；还有“任何的”意思(5)another泛指另一个theother常与one连用，表示两者中的另一个one...theother...others泛指别的,其他的theothers特指别的,其他的(有范围限制)(the)others=(the)other+名词else放在合成不定代词或键问词之后(6)every+名词，只能做定语，(三者或三者以上)each两者或两者以上的“每一”，可以单独使用常见的短语：eachofeachother(7)合成不定代词的用法(略)*形容词后置练习一单项填空：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词和疑问代词_isWhoshe?She'sanurse.isWhichcapWho'sB.WhereTomlike?Oh,B.Who>isthat?heC.Whichsshort.C.WhatD.D.B.WhoC.WhoseD.WhatWhomWhereThisThethreeisnouseB.tellingThathimaboutthat.C.Thesemen,IhavebeenBob,JoeB.metoParis.andC.metheratD.theD.Itstation.youI,youandheYou,heandIB.D.He,youYou,heandIandmeMybrotherissoyoungthathecan，ttakecareofhimB.herselfC.himselfD.hisusTheyoungteacherteachesB.ourpolitics.C.oursD.ourselfOurworkisnotsogoodas

9A.himB.he10.HasJackgotA,tohimthemB.themoney?tohimif11.HowhardA.weworks!B.him12.Won*tyoulethelpA.IandmyfriendC.myfriendandme13.A,Heaskedthethreemen,IB.himselfC.hisD.he'syesterday.D.ittohimYes,C.IgavehimthemC.heD.hisyou?B.myfriendandID.myfriendandItoBob,JoeandtobereadyC.meD.herself14.Al1myclassmatesaregoingtotheSummerPalaceexcept.A.heandIB.heandmeC.himandD.himandme15.GotoA.here,usC.there,themB.there,theyD.here,we16.ThemoonisshiningbrightlyA.ItsB.HeC.tonightSheD.islikearoundplate.They17.HeisastallasA.sheB.herC.himD.himself18.IfIwere,Iwouldtaketheadvice.A.sheB.her19.A.OpenIthedoor,please?C.heIt'sD.his20.Shehasn,tB.mybroughtC.mineD.mebookwithher.WillyoulendherA.hers,C.hers,youryoursB.D.her,her,youryours21.That,snot;itis,ImadeitA.C.yours,mine,myself22.yours,her,myselfJohn，sbookismoreB.your,mine,myselfD.yours,my,myselfinterestingthan.A.C.23.yourbookB.youroneyourselfD.yoursEitherMaryorherparentswillletmeusecar.A.herB.their24.ThebirdbuildsC.minenestinthetree.D.himA.her25.ThesunB.makesit'sA.itsB.weC.itsdayandnight.C.ourD.D.26.—Iveforgottenmybread.-NeverA.somemind,youofuscanhaveB.ussomeC.someofoursD.someofour27.TwosistersofhelpuswithourA.himB.hisC.heher'ours.English.D.he's

1028.AretheyfriendsA.ofyouB.toyouC.toyoursD.ofyourswanttoseeitthemselves29.LilyandBillA.theirselvesB.C.himselfD.themself30.WehadbetteraskthesecretaryA.hisB.himC.himselfD.themselves31.WemetA.himselfhisgrandma.B.hersC.herselfD.herA.herB.sheC.herselfD.himself33.A.Pleasehelptosometea.meB.himC.yourselfD.yours34.A.Tomisnotquitetoday.hisselfB.himC.hisD.himself35.A.I*11bringdictionarywithme.myselfB.ourselvesC.myownD.own36.A.magazineisoverthere.TheseB.ThoseC.ThisD.ThatThegirldresseswhenshegetsup.32.37.agoodidea.B.That'sA.Thisis38.Hewasill.iswhyhedidn'tattendthemeeting.A.ThisB.ItC.ThereD.That39.WhatIwanttotellyouisTheA.itB.thisC.thatmeetingisputofftillFriday.D.its40.ShewenttoswimandA,suchB.samethesameasD.thesame41.A.OurfeelingwasthesameastheyB.sameastheirsC.42.A.sameastheyTheyleftforthesameB.ShanghaisuchonD.thesameastheirsday.43.Youcandoitnoworleaveittilllater,itistome.A.thesameB.allthesame44.Whoisthatboy?A.HeisastudentB.HeisaworkerC.HeismybrotherD.Heistall45.Itwaswarmdaythattheywentswimming.A.suchB.suchaC.soD.soa46.Itwaslongtimeago.A.suchB.very47.ishe?Heisabusdriver.

11A.WhoB.WhichC.ThatD.What48.Howisyourbrother?A.That*sheB.That'shimC.He'sverygoodD.He'sverywel149.thesegirlsdoyouknow?A.WhichofB.WhoareC.What50.paperdoyouread?D.HowmanyIread"ChinaDailyA.WhichB.HowC.HowmanyD.What51.isthequickestwayfromheretotheBank?A.What52.What'shisB.WhichC.WhatwayD.WhichthewaynameA.ItJohnC.It'sJohn53.WhatcolourB.Johnit'sthenameD.ItsJohnareyournewshoes?A.TheyarebrowncolourC.TheyarebrownB.It*sbrownD.Theyarecolourbrown54._A.Who'shatisthat?B.WhoseC.WhoD.Whom55.TheTVsetsmadeA.thatinShanghaiaremuchB.thesebetterthanmadeinBeijing.C.those单项填空:D.it1.IfyouA.one不定代词needmoney,V11B.somelendyou—C.anyD.those2.ThepenI'mwritingwithisdifferentfromA.thatonesB.thatoneC.thatone*sD.thoseone3.IrememberwordheA.allB.none4.DoesA.eitherhestudyphysicsB.neithersaidthatday.C.bothorchemistry?”"C.noneD.everyHestudiesD.all5.“DoeshestudyEnglishorRussian?”"HestudiesA.bothB.allC.eitherD.none6.Thereareseveralwindowsintheroom.Thefacesouth.A.bothB.all7.A.C.DoyouhavetosaysomethingimportantimportantsomethingC.everyatthemeeting?D.eitherB.anythingimportantD.importantanything8.rvehadenoughbread,wouldyoulikeA.onemoreB.somemoreC.anymuchD.anothermore9.worewhatshelikedbest.A.EachofthewomenB.EachofthewomanC.EachofwomenD.Eachthewomen

1210.Idon，tknowA.anyoneofthemC.nooneB.D.anyoneofchildrenanyoneofthechildren11.Shehasfourdaughters.Oneisadoctor,butareworkers.A.anotherB.otherC.theothersD.theother12.IaskedherifsheknowA.allthemB.themallC.themofallD.everythem13.canalwaystrytodoa1ittlebetterthanbest.A.One,youB.One,oneC.One,his14.Oneofthestudentshasn'tpreparedA.one'sB.onesC.theirD.One,one,slessonsverywell.D.his15.EveryoneA.theirshouldbecarefulofB.onesC.ourpronunciation.D.his16.HaveyouA.itanybooksoncooking?I'dliketoborrowB.thatC.thisD.one17.HaveyouA.asmal1gotanyapples?Yes,I'vegotB.somesmallC.twosmallonesD.twosmall18.Isthisyourcoat?No,mineisA.oneblueB.ablueone19.Ifyouneedmoney,TillendyouA.oneB.itC.thoseD.some.20.“Haveyoufoundthepenyoulostyesterday?”A.oneB.theoneC.one'sD.it21.I'vegotinterestingbooks.A.someB.any22.Putbreadonthetable;weneedmore.23.A.any,someThereisn'tworkB.some,anyC.some,someD.any,anyforustodo.24.A.someB.anyHeremembershavingreadA.anystorybook25.Ihaveimportanttoaboutitin.B.somestorybooktellyou.26.27.28.29.30.31.A.somethingB.anythingIstherewrongwithA.somethingyourTVset?B.anythingIftherearegoodapplesintheshop,buymetwopounds.A.someB.anyBothofA.theseareinterestingbooks.Youcanborrowofthem.anyB.eitherAl1theseareinterestingbooks.YoucanA.anyComeyou1ike.A.somedayB.cananswerthequestion.bothanyday.It'squiteborrowofthem.easy.

13A.SomebodyB.Anybody32.Whydon'tyougettoreadduringthewintervacation（寒假）?A.anythingB.something33.Wouldyoulikebeer?A.anyB.some34.ofthestudentswasgivenabook.A.EachB.Every35.studentshouldrespect（尊敬）theteacher.A.EachB.Every36.TwoboyscameandIgaveanappleto.A.eachB.every37.Thesoldierslinedonsideoftheroad.A.eachB.every38.Everyonemustdobesttohelpothers.A.one'sB.his39.Herearetwodictionaries.Youmayuseofthem.A.eitherB.eachC.everyD.all40.Thereareflowersonsideofthedoor.A.eitherB.both41.Onbanksoftherivertherearetreesandflowers.A.eitherB.both42.Helentmetwobooks,butofthemiseasytoread.A.bothB.neither43.Helentmeafewbooks,butofthemareeasytoread.A.neitherB.none44.HisparentsareEnglishteachers.A.allB.both45.likemusic.A.thebothgirlsB.BoththisgirlsC.BothofthemD.Boththey46.areverygood.A.BoththeyB.ThebothboysC.BoththoseboysD.Bothofthey47.Therearetwowindowsintheroom.Theyfacesouth.A.allB.bothC.everyD.either48.DoeshespeakEnglishorRussian?Hedoesn，tspeak.A.eitherB.neitherC.noneD.all49.Theteacherwantedtoinvitethemtothemusicalevening.A.everybodyB.all50.I*vereadofthebooks.A.nooneB.none51.“Howmanyelephantsdidyousee?”"."A.NoneB.NooneC.NotmanyonesD.Nomany

1452.Mysistergavemetwopictures.OneistheGreatWal1,istheMingTombs（明十三陵）.A.anotherB.theother53.Somelikephysics,likechemistry.A.theothersB.others54.Hehasfourbrothers.OneisinBeijing,butareinNanjing.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.theothers55.Ihavefivecolourpencils.Oneisred,anotherisblueandgreen.A.otherB.theotherC.othersD.theothers56.Idon'tthinkthisisagoodidea.Hasheanysuggestion（建议）?A.oneB.anotherC.otherD.theother57.Thesecupsareours.Thoseare.A.othersB.others1C.other*sD.others，s58.Thecoatistoobig.Pleaseshowme.A.otherB.another59.Have,please!A.theothercupofteaB.anothercupoftea60.Theyaretalking.A.eachotherB.oneanotherC.onetoanotherD.toeachother61.Joandancesbetterthanintheschool.A.anygirlB.anyothergirlC.somegirlD.someothergirl62.Wehaveonlyticketsleft.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle63.NotallworkersgohomeonSaturday;stillstayinthefactory.A.afewB.fewC.noneD.alittle64.Alotofpeoplehavetried,buthavesucceeded（成功）.A.thefewB.fewC.someD.afew65.Hesaysbutdoesmuch.A.fewB.alittleC.littleD.afew66.Hurryup!Wehaveonlytimeleft.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle67.Fredeatsbread.A,toomanyB.somuchC.fewerD.somany68.Howisthatfish?A.manyB.muchC.moreD.most69.Trytomakeasmistakesaspossibleinyourhomework.A.lessB.littleC.fewD.fewer70.Quitepeoplecametothepartythoughitwasraininghard.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle一.it的用法L用作人称代词，代替前文提到的事情OThisbikeisnotmine.It?sPeter's.

152.用以代替提示代词this,that一Whatisthis?—Il'sapen.—Whosebookisthat?—It'sMike's.3.起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物—Whoisknockingatthedoor?—It'sme.—Whoismakingsuchanoise.—Itmustbethechildren.4.指环境情况等。Itwasveryquietatthemoment.5.指时间，季节，天气，气候等—Whattimeisit?—Itiseighto'clock.Itoftenrainsinsummer.6.指距离Itisfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.7.作形式主语当动词不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语Itisnoteasytofinishtheworkintwodays.Itisnousecryingoversplitmilk.Itisapitythatyoudidn'treadthebook..It作形式主语的常见句型：1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为(1)Itbeadj.(forsb.)todosth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous...例Itisillegal(forateenager)todriveacarwithoutalicense.(2)Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.例It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.2.1t替代作主语的动名词的常见句型It'snogood/usedoing...It's(well)worthdoing...It's(well)worthone'swhiledoing/todo...It's(well)worthwhiledoing/todo例It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(3)It替代作主语的从句常见句型(1)Itis+noun+从句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.(2)Itisadj.+clauseIt'ssurprisingthat...(should)竟然It'sapity/shamethat...(should)竟然例It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudenesso

16(1)Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that...例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.(=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.)(2)Itverb(tosb.)that...=sb/sthverbtodo(verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout)例II(so)happened/chancedthattheywereout.(=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.)(3)Itisv-edthat...=sb/sthistodo(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know)例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.(=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.)(4)Itisv-edthat...(should)...(verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.(8)式宾语当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词，宾语从句时往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前Ithinkitnousearguingwithhim.IfounditveryinterestingtostudyEnglish.Hemadeitclearthathewasnotinterestedinthissubject.It作形式宾语的常见句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun(for/of)todo/clause(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep...)例1thinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'Hdothetaskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=nouse/nogood/worthone*swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words)(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep...)彳列rilmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat...(should)...verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat...(should)...(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep...)例Ithinkitimportantthatyou(should)attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause(verb=accept,regard,take,see,view)例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that...oweittosb.that…把…归功于…leaveittosbthat…把…留给某人去做takeitforgrantedthat…想当然keepitinmindthat...例Don'tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能宜接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto宾语从句紧跟it之后

17例1hateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.1.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后(exceptthat例外)彳列I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.9.用于强调结构要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语，状语，宾语)，可以把it当作先行词.这种句子的结构是“Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”.如果强调的部分是人，可用whowhom代替thatImetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.此句各部分被强调后句型如下：ItwasIwho/thatmetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.Itwasanoldfriendwho/that/whomImetintheparkyesterday.ItwasintheparkthatImetanoldfriendyesterday.ItwasyesterdaythatImetanoldfriendinthepark.练习K10全国II》Thedoctorthoughtwouldbegoodforyoutohaveaholiday.A.thisB.thatC.oneD.itK10辽宁］ThefactthatshewasforeignmadedifficultforhertogetajobinthatcountryAsoB.muchC.thatD.itK10山东』Helpingothersisahabit,youcanlearnevenatanearlyage.A.itB.thatC.whatD.oneK10陕西ITThecostofrentingahouseincentralXi'anishigherthaninanyotherareaofthecity.A.thatB.thisC.itD.oneK09四〃IXIlikethishousewithabeautifulgardeninfront,butIdon'thaveenoughmoneytobuy・A.oneB.itC.thisD.thatK09浙江》—I'vereadanotherbookthisweek.—Well,maybeisnothowmuchyoureadbutwhatyoureadthatcounts.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.itE08i胡南3Ournerghborsgaveababybirdyesterdaythathurtwhenitfellfromitsnest.A.us,itB.us,itselfC.ourselves,itselfD.ourselves,itK08江西》Isn'titamazinghowthehumanbodyhealsafteraninjury?A.himselfB.himC.itselfD.itK07全国113feltfunnywatchingmyselfonTV.A.OneB.ThisC.ItD.ThatK07天津』Hedidn'tmakeclearwhenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.A.thisB.thatC.itD.theseK07山东Rworriesmethewayhekeepschanginghismind.A.ThisB.ThatC.WhatD.ItK07江西》Idon'tmindhercriticizingme,butishowshedoesitthatIobjectto.

18A.itB.thatC.thisD.whichK07陕西』—Thereisstillacopyofthebookinthelibrary.Willyougoandborrow?一No,I'dratherbuyinthebookstore.A.it;oneB.onejoneC.onejitD.it;it£07辽宁』TheinformationontheInternetgetsaroundmuchmorerapidlythaninthenewspaper.A.itB.thoseC.oneD.thatK07浙江』——Hegothisfirstbookpublished.Itturnedouttobeabestseller.一Whenwas?—：wasin2000whenhewasstillincollege.A.that;ThisB.this;ItC.it;ThisD.that;ItK06全国13Iflcanhelp,Idon'tlikeworkinglateintothenight.A.soB.出atC.itD.themK06浙江》isourbeliefthatimprovementsinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger,moreprosperouseconomy.A.AsB.ThatC.ThisD.It(06%胡南》AsthebusiestwomaninNorton,shemadeherdutytolookafteralltheotherpeople'saffairsinthattown.A.thisB.thatC.oneD.itK06山东Xrdappreciateifyouwouldliketoteachmehowtousethecomputer.A.thatB.itC.thisD.youK06安徽』Catherineboughtapostcardoftheplaceshewasvisiting,addressedtoandthenposteditatthenearbypostoffice.A.it;herB.it;herselfC.herself;herD.herself;herselfKO5NMET3Itwasn'tuntilnearlyamonthlaterIreceivedthemanager'sreply.A.sinceB.whenC.asD.thatK05全国II』ThechairmanthoughtnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.A.thatB.itC.thisD.himK05全国HIXThedoctoradvisedVerastronglythatsheshouldtakeaholiday,butdidn'thelp.A.itB.sheC.whichD.heK05I二海5intheregulationsthatyoushouldnottellotherpeoplethepasswordofyouremailaccount.A.WhatisrequiredB.whatrequiresC.ItisrequiredD.ItrequiredK05天津XIpreferaflatinInvernesstoinPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMom's.A.oneB.thatC.itD.thisR05江西HCarsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreseriousthanmobilephonesdo.A.oneB.onesC.itD.thoseK05浙江XWe'vebeenlookingatthehousesbuthaven'tfoundwelikeyet.

19A.oneB.onesC.itD.themK05湖北》Hehasn'tsleptatallforthreedays.heistiredout.A.ThereisnopointB.ThereisnoneedC.ItisnowonderD.ItisnowayK04全国13Ilikeintheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.oneK04全国13—Doyoulikehere?一Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.theseC.thatD.itK04全国IIlDWeneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermadefromsomewood.A.itB.oneC.himselfD.anotherR04湖北》Itwasbackhomeaftertheexperiment.A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidn'tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidn'tgoK04福建Hitwaswithgreatjoyhereceivedthenewsthathislostdaughterhadbeenfound.A.becauseB.whichC.sinceD.that《04上海!Why!Ihavenothingtoconfess.youwantmetosay?A.WhatisitthatB.WhatitisthatC.HowisitthatD.HowitisthatK044匕京)1Theforeignministersaid,"ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.**A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.ItisK04苏》・一Howlongareyoustaying?■--1don'tknow..A.That'sOKB.NevermindC.ItdependsD.Itdoesn'tmatterK03NMET3—There'scoffeeandtea;youcanhave.-Thanks.A.eitherB.eachC.oneD.it(03上海1Itisthesepoisonousproductscancausethesymptomsoftheflu,suchasheadacheandachingmuscles.A.whoB.thatC.howD.whatK03上海』Itisprettywellunderstoodcontrolstheflowofcarbondioxideinandouttheatmospheretoday.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.howK03上海春HItwasbecauseofbadweatherthefootballmatchhadtobeputoff.A.soB.sothatC.whyD.thatK02上海HSinceyouhaverepairedmyTvset,isnoneedformetobuyanewone.A.itB.thereC.thisD.thatK02」匕京》一一Whenshallwestart?--Let'sitat8:30.Isthatallright?A.setB.meetC.makeD.takeK02北京春』一Hewasnearlydrownedonce.—Whenwas?_wasin1998whenhewasinmiddleschool.A.that;ItB.this;ThisC.this;ItD.that;ThisK01NMET3TheParkersboughtanewhousebutwillneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.

20B.itD.whichC.oneA.theyKOI上海』Infactisahardjobforthepolicetokeeporderinanimportantfootballmatch.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.itK2001上海春HitwasforthisreasonherunclemovedoutofNewYorkandsettleddowninasmallvillage.A.whichB.whyC.thatD.howKOONMETUltistheabilitytodothejobmattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.itK2000上海USomeoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitisK2000上海DThenewsthattheyfailedtheirdrivingtestdiscouragedhim,?A.didtheyB.didn'ttheyC.diditD.didn'titK2000上海春》Itwashowtheyoungmanhadlearnedfiveforeignlanguagesattractedtheaudience'sinterest.A.sothatB.thatC.whatD.inwhich数词定义：表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。（一）、基数词1.基数词的构成（1）1-20（2）21-99先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。23—>twenty-three,34->thirty-four（3）101—999先说“几百”，再加and,再加末两位数或末位数；586—>fivehundredandeighty-six,803—>eighthundredandthree（4）1,000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“,”，第一个“，”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个","前为billion（美式）或thousand.million（英式），然后一节一节地表示。750,000,000.000->sevenhundredandfifty,billion（美式）sevenhundredandfiftythousandmillion（英式）2.基数词的用法（1）作主语，宾语，表语，定语（5）作同位语eg.Youtwowillgoswimmingwithus.

21（6）表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。eg.Therearesixhundredstudentsinourgrade.1.基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：1.）与of短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用。hundredsof（数百，成百上千的）,thousandsof（数千，成千上万的）,millionsof（数百万），2.）表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。表示“几十岁"；inhisforties表示“年代"，用in+the+数词复数；inthe1980s/19801表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。eg.Heisinhisearlythirties.他有三十来岁（31—34岁）：Thistookplaceinthe1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代；3.）表示时刻eg.IwatchCCTVNewsatseveno'clockeveryevening.（二）、序数词；在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。1.序数词的构成（1）一般在基数词后加lheg.four-*fourth,thirteen—>thirteenth（2）序数词的不规则变化及缩写形式：one—►first,two—>second,three—>third,five—eight—>eighth,nine—>ninth,twelvetwelfih缩写first―1stsecond—2ndthird—3rdfifth_5thninthtwelfthtwentiethtwenty-first——21st（3）以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加thtwenty—>twentieth,forty—►fortieth,ninety—>ninetieth（4）从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,twohundredandforty-fifth2.序数词的用法（1）序数词作定语时，一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。eg.Tomistheirsecondson.Heisthefirstonetocomehere.（2）序数词前通常使用定冠词the,但有时使用不定冠词a,an,表示数量上“又一”,“再一”Tryitagain,please.请再试一'次。WhenIsatdownathirdmancamein.（3）序数词的缩写形式为：阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st2nd,3rd,4山,20th,21st,22nd,23rd（4表示年、月、日时，年用基数词，日用序数词。2005年8月15日：（英）15,8,2005=15th,August,2005；（美8,15,2005=August15th,2005

22（三）基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No.lN号）,No.3bus（3路公共汽车）Room103,（103号旁间）Thefirstlesson=LessonTwo（第二课）（四）分数词的表达分数表示法：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3—one-third；2/3一twothirds.eg.l/3-onethird；2/5-twofifths（五）数学运算的表达eg.3+5=8Threeplus/andfiveiseight.9-2=7Nineminustwoisseven.6x5=30Fivetimessixisthirty/sixunutilizedfiveisthirty.8+2=4Eightdividedbytwoisfour.（六）、1.倍数表示法1.）主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou.我有你三倍那么多。2.）主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+thesize（amount,length...）of...Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。3.）主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than…Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%o4.）还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。练习题1（）1Therearedaysinayear.A.threehundredssixty-fiveB.threehundredsandsixty-fiveC.threehundredandsixty-fiveD.threehundredandsixtyfive（）2Therearestudentsinthisschool.A.eighthundredsandforty-sixB.eighthundredandfortysixC.eighthundredandfbrty-sixD.eighthundredforty-six2（）1peoplevisitthismuseumeveryday.A.HundredB.HundredsC.HundredofD.Hundredsof（）2Therearetwopeopleinthemeetingroom.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredsofD.hundredof（）3EveryyearwatchNBAonTV.A.millionpeopleB.millionsofpeopleC.millionspeopleD.millionofpeople

23()4treeshavebeenplantedinourschoolinthepast10years.A.ThousandsofB.TwothousandsC.ThousandofD.Twothousandof()5Look!Thereareinthesky.A.thousandstarsB.thousandofstarsC.thousandsofstarsD.thousandsofstar3()1Mybrotherisin.A.ThreeClass,OneGradeB.ClassThree,GradeOneC.GradeOne,ClassThreeD.classthree,gradeone()2Wearegoingtolearnthisterm.A.booksixB.sixbookC.thebooksixD.BookSix()3Pleaseturnto.Let*sreadthetextaloud.A.PageTwoB.thepagetwoC.secondpageD.pagesecond4()1Wecansaythenumber78,645inEnglishlikethis.A.seventy-eightthousandandsixhundredandforty-fiveB.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandfortyfiveC.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandforty-fiveD.seventyeightthousandsixhundredandforty-five()2"Theyear1999*'shouldberead'TheyearA.nineteenandninety-nineB.nineteenninety-nineC.onethousandninehundredandninety-nineD.nineteenhundredandninety-nine5()1Hewillcomeheretomorrowmorning.A.atfifthB.attenC.ontwoD.tilltenth()2Everydayhebeginstodohishomework.A.attenpastsevenB.atsevenpasstenC.ontenpastseventhD.untilten()3Hewasdoingsomewashing.A.ateightyesterdaymorningB.yesterdaymorningeightC.yesterdaymorningateightD.byeightyesterdaymorning6()1Hebegantoworkthere.A.onhisfiftyB.atageoffiftyC.whenhefiftyD.inhisfifties()2TheymovedtoBeijing_A.in1980sB.inthe1980C.inthe1980sD.onthe1980's()3Weallliketheboy.A.oftenyearsoldB.ten-year-oldC.attenoldD.ofageoften()4Shewasherearlytwentieswhenshewentabroad.A.atB.onC.ofD:in7()1Therearemonthsinayear.Decemberisthemonthoftheyear.A.twelve;twelveB.twelve;twelfthC.twelfth;twelveD.twelve;twelveth()2Duringcentury,theworldpopulationhasalreadyreached6billion.A.twentyB.thetwentiethC.twentieth/D.thetwenty()3Sundayisthedayoftheweek.A.seventhB.firstC.secondD.third

24()4AutumnisseasoninayearA.thefourthB.thethirdC.athirdD.thethreeth()5TomwastogettoschoolandIwas.A.first;ninthC.thefirst;theninthA.afirst;aninthD.thesecond;thenineth8()1-What'sthedatetoday?-Its.A.FridayB.timetogoC.cloudyD.June4th()2JennywasbomA.onJuly10,1987B.inJuly10,1987C.in1987,JulylOD.on1987,July10()3Mondayisthesecondday,and.A.TuesdayisthefourthB.ThursdayisthefifthC.thesecondisTuesdayD.thesecondisThursday9()1AboutofthebooksinourschoollibraryarewritteninChinese.A.four-fifthB.four-fifthsC.fourth-fifthsD.fourths-fifth()2ofthestudentsaregirlsinourclass.A.TwothreeB.TwothreesC.TwothirdsD.Secondthree()3oftheworldsbooksandnewspapersarewritteninEnglish.A.ThreequartersB.ThreequarterC.ThirdsfourD.Threesfourth10()1Tomisintherow.A.asecondB.thesecondC.twoD.second()2ThegirlwantedtosingsonginEnglish.A.theothersB.asecondC.otherD.thesecond()3Nowletmehave.A.thethirdtryB.athirdtryC.thirdtryD.thisthirdtry数词巩固练习1.1).Therearedaysinayear.A.threehundredssixty-fiveB.threehundredsandsixty-fiveC.threehundredandsixty-fiveD.threehundredandsixtyfive2).Therearestudentsinthisschool.A.eighthundredsandforty-sixB.eighthundredandfortysixC.eighthundredandforty-sixD.eighthundredforty-six2.1).peoplevisitthismuseumeveryday.A.HundredB.HundredsC.HundredofD.Hundredsof2).Therearetwopeopleinthemeetingroom.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredsofD.hundredof3).EveryyearwatchNBAonTV.A.millionpeopleB.millionsofpeopleC.millionspeopleD.millionofpeople4).treeshavebeenplantedinourschoolinthepast10years.A.ThousandsofB.TwothousandsC.ThousandofD.Twothousandof5).Look!Thereareinthesky.A.thousandstarsB.thousandofstarsC.thousandsofstarsD.thousandsofstar3.1).Mybrotherisin.A.ThreeClass,OneGradeB.ClassThree,GradeOneC.GradeOne,ClassThreeD.classthree,gradeone

252.)Wearegoingtolearnthisterm.A.booksixB.sixbookC.thebooksixD.BookSix3).Pleaseturnto.Let\*sreadthetextaloud.A.PageTwo.B.thepagetwoC.secondpageD.pagesecond4.1).Wecansaythenumber78,645inEnglishlikethis.A.seventy-eightthousandandsixhundredandforty-fiveB.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandfortyfiveC.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandforty-fiveD.seventyeightthousandsixhundredandforty-five2).“Theyear1999"shouldberead"Theyear"・A.nineteenandninety-nineB.nineteenninety-nineC.onethousandninehundredandninety-nineD.nineteenhundredandninety-nine5.1).Hewillcomeheretomorrowmorning.A.atfifthB.attenC.ontwoD.tilltenth2).Everydayhebeginstodohishomework.A.attenpastsevenB.atsevenpasstenC.ontenpastseventhD.untilten3).Hewasdoingsomewashing.A.ateightyesterdaymorningB.yesterdaymorningeightC.yesterdaymorningateightD.byeightyesterdaymorning6.1).Hebegantoworkthere.A.onhisfiftyB.atageoffiftyC.whenhefiftyD.inhisfifties2).TheymovedtoBeijing_A.in1980sB.inthe1980\'C.inthe1980sD.onthe1980\'s3).Weall1iketheboy.A.oftenyearsoldB.ten-year-oldC.attenoldD.ofageoften4).Shewasherearlytwentieswhenshewentabroad.A.atB.onC.ofD:in7.1).Therearemonthsinayear.Decemberisthemonthoftheyear.A.twe1ve;twelveB.twelve;twelfthC.twelfth;twelveD.twelve;twelveth2).Duringcentury,theworldpopulationhasalreadyreached6billion.A.twentyB.thetwentiethC.twentieth/D.thetwenty3).Sundayisthedayoftheweek.A.seventhB.firstC.secondD.third4).Autumnisseasoninayear.A.thefourthB.thethirdC.athirdD.thethreeth5).TomwastogettoschoolandIwas.A.first;ninthC.thefirst;theninthB.afirst;aninthD.thesecond;thenineth8.1)-What\*sthedatetoday?-Its・A.FridayB.timetogoC.cloudyD.June4th2).JennywasbornA.onJuly10,1987B.inJuly10,1987C.in1987,July10D.on1987,July103).Mondayisthesecondday,and.A.TuesdayisthefourthB.Thursdayisthefifth

26C.thesecondisTuesdayD.thesecondisThursday9.1).AboutofthebooksinourschoollibraryarewritteninChinese.A.four-fifthB.four-fifthsC.fourth-fifthsD.fourths-fifth2).—ofthestudentsaregirlsinourclass.A.TwothreeB.TwothreesC.TwothirdsD.Secondthree3).oftheworld'sbooksandnewspapersarewritteninEnglish.A.ThreequartersB.ThreequarterC.ThirdsfourD.Threesfourth10.1).Tomisintherow.A.asecondB.thesecondC.twoD.second2).ThegirlwantedtosingsonginEnglish.A.theothersB.asecondC.otherD.thesecond3).Nowletmehave.A.thethirdtryB.athirdtryC.thirdtryD.thisthirdtry冠词冠词包括定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a,an)两类。冠词不能单独使用，通常用在名词前面,帮助说明名词的含义。一、不定冠词a,an的用法：1.常放在可数名词的单数形式前面，表示‘'一”的概念，但数的概念没有one强烈。Aninterestingstorybook;asmallboy;Thereakiteinthetree.2.放在可数名词的单数形式前，表示一类人或物。3.用在固定短语中。二、定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源，有“那（这）个”“这些，那些”的意思，但较弱，放在名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1.特指双方都明白的人或物：Takethemedicine.把药吃了。2.上文提到过的人或事：Heboughtahouse.I'vebeentothehouse.3.指世上独，无二的事物：thesun,thesky»themoon»theearth4.与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：therich富人;theliving生者5.用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词，only,very,same等前面：,That'stheverythingI'vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。Heistheonlypersonwhoknowsthesecret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。6.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：thePeople'sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国theUnitedStates美国7.用在表示乐器的名词之前Sheplaysthepiano.她会弹钢琴。8.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：theGreens格林一家人（或格林夫妇）9.用在惯用语中：intheday,inthemorning（afternoon,evening）,thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky（water,field,country）,inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle（of）,intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre*在sun,moon,breakfast等之前有形容词时，可用a,an如afullmoon三、不用冠词的情况：1.国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England,Mary：

272.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；3.抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；4.物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；5.在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；6.在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；7.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词8.重登运用的名词短语前常省去冠词；fromhousetohouse,neckandneck,hourafterhour,onebyone9.在一些习惯用语中*注意以下一些短语的区别（有定冠词时，表示相关处所或地点，没有定冠词时，表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.）gotohospital去医院看病——gotothehospital去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）infrontofin/atthefrontofinhospitalinthehospitalattableatthetableinclassintheclassbyseabytheseagotoschoolgototheschoolanumberofthenumberof四、冠词的位置1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：1.)位于下列形容词之后：such,what,many,half,Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob.2.).当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongaway.3.)quite,rather与单数名诃连用，冠词放在其后。quiteanicepicture2、定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threelimes等词之后，名词之前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有学生都出去了。冠词专项练习一.单项选择1.HeisnowlivinginEuropeancountry.A.aB.anC./D.any2.Chinaisoldcountrywithlonghistory.A.an,aB.a,aC.an,theD.an,an3.Myparentsusuallygooutforwalkinevening.A.the,aB.a,theC./,theD.a,an4.Hersecondthingistodoherhomework.A.aB.anC.theD./5.Theword“flower”beginswith"f"andtheendwithurn.A.a,aB.an,anC.an,aD.an,a6.June1stisChildren'sDay.A.aB.anC.theD./7.HuangheRiverissecondlargestriverinChina.A.The,theB.A,aC.The,aD.A,the

281.Parisisoneofmostbeautifulcitiesinworld.A./,theB./,/C.the,theD.the,/2.LastSundayhewenttoGreatWallatnoon.A.the,theB./,/C.the,theD.the,/3.Wealwayshavericeforlunch.A./,/B.the,/C./,aD.the,the4.Thereisnoroomfor.A.ustwoB.wetwoC.twousD.twoofwe5.oftheworkhasbeendone.A.TwothirdB.TwothreeC.TwothirdsD.Twothird6.Thereareabouttwostudentsinourschool.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousandsofD.thousandsof7.It'snow,let'shurry.A.halfpassedsixB.thirtypassedsixC.halfpastsixD.halftoseven15.Septemberismonthofayear.A.thenineB.theninthC.theninethD.nine16.—What'sthedatetoday?—Itis.A.theJunefourthB.thefourthofJuneC.ofJunethefourthD.fourthJune17.Nextweekwe,regoingtolearn.A.unit5B.theunit5C.Unit5D.5Unit18.—Doyouhavemuchworktodothisweekend?—Yes,Ihavetowriteapaper.

29A.two-thousand-wordB.two-thousandC.two-thousands-wordsD.two-1housands-words二.改错Igotoschoolbyabikeeveryday.234567Westudythemathsthisterm.They'rehavingasuppernow.Asunisbiggerthanthemoon.Hewasfirsttocometothemeeting.ThreehundredsofstudentswenttotheparklastSunday.Heisill.Soheisinthebed.18.ThestudentandtheYoungPioneerisgoingtohelptheoldman.19.Pleasegivemearice.20.WangMeiplaysapianoverywell.21.Openwindow,please.22.Thereisadogintheroom.Adogishers.23.Thereisa"m"intheword“may”.24.It'stheAprilnow.25.Theboyisinhistwenty.三.在所需处填入适当的冠词1.Mydear!Haveyouhadapple?2.BlackHorseisinterestingbookforchildren.3.Sheisusefulmemberofvolleybal1team.4.doctortoldhimtotakemedicinethreetimesday.5.Lookatsun!It'sfinedayforwalktoday.6.JapanistoeastofChina.7.Whatwouldyoulikeforsupper,MrGreen?8.Playingfootballisbestsportinspring.四.中考真题测试1.Wesawelephantinthezoo.elephantwasfromIndia.A.a;TheB.the;AnC.an;TheD.the;2.—Howdoyougethomefrom?ByBus?-No,Iwalk.isn*tveryfar.A.school;TheschoolB.theschool;TheschoolC.theschool;SchoolD.school;School3.There'sdictionaryondesknearthewindow.A.a;theB.a;aC.the;aD.the;the4.—Howfarisitfromourschooltoseaside?—Itiseight-kilometrewalkfromhere.A.the;anB./;anC.the;aD./;a5.—Whereismathsteacher?—He'stalkingwithSam'sfather.A.aB.anC.theD./6.ThescientistsfromUnitedStatesliveinNinthStreet.A.the;theB./;theC./;/D.the;/

303.sunisbiggerthanearth.A.A;theB.A;anC.The;anD.The;the4.earthweliveonisbiggerthanmoon.A.The;aB.The;theC.An;aD.An;the5.I1iveronfloorofthehotelsoIhavetotakealift.A.twenty-seventhB.twenty-sevenC.thetwenty-sevenD.thetwenty-seventh10.Thefarmerswerebusyreadyforthenextyearinwinterof1999.A.getting;/B.toget;theC.toget;/D.getting;the11.—Hi,Jack.Doyouhavepen?—Sorry,Idon'thaveone.A.aB.anC.theD./leftitherethismorning.Isawitsomewhere./；anisinterestingstory,anapple,please.hour.12.—Haveyouseenpen?I—Isitblackone?IthinkA.a;anB.a;aC.the;theD.13.Iamreadingnovel.ItA.a;anB.a;aC.the;theD./;14.Ifyoudon'tmind,passmeA.aB.anC.theD./15.There*s"h"intheworeA.aB.theC.anD./16.Nohurry.There'stimeleft.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew17.IndiaandChinaareofsamecontinent.A./;theB.The;theC./;/D./;a18.Ithinkstudyisimportantwork.A.aB.anC./D.the19.IttakesusnearlyhourtogotoKorlabyair.A.an;aB.a;anC.an;/D.a;the20.Thetextisveryeasyforyou.Therearenewwordsinit.A.afewB.alittleC.fewD.little形容词和副词一、形容词的用法：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在联系动词后面作表语。1.直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。That'saheavybox.（定语）He'sveryhappytocomehere.（表语）Thegoodnewsmademeveryhappy.（宾语补足语）2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid

31害怕的alone单独，独自Heisanillman.（错）Sheisanafraidgirl.（?h）这类形容词还有：well,asleep睡着的Themanisill.Thegirlisafraid.（身体）好的unwellill生病的。（对）（对）（身体）不舒适的，alike相象的，alive活着的,awake醒着的等。1.形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody等不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：somethingniceL）o特殊形式的形容词：一般来说，名词加y变形容词，而以・ly结尾的是副词，但friendly友好的，lovely可爱的，lonely孤单的，lively热闹的，有生气的，活泼的，等仍为形容词。*politely,truly,terribly注意：其比较级和最高级的变化为：friendlier,friendliest2）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry如:Thepoorarelosinghope.3）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese.TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor4.）多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）-出处-材料性质，类别-名词asmallroundtableadirtyoldbrownshirtatallgraybuildingafamousGermanmedicalschoolanexpensiveJapanesesportscar三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式：1.）单音节形容词及部分双音节次加一er,est2.）部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more,most或less,least构成.特殊形式的形容词：一般来说,名词加y变形容词，而以・ly结尾的是副词，只有以下一些单词例外:friendly,lovely,lively,lonely等都是形容词。eg：1.It'saday（sun,sunly,sunny）2.She'sawoman,（friend,friendy,friendly）注意：其比较级和最高级的变化为：friendlier,friendliesteg:Sheisthegirlofthefour,（love,lovely,loveliest）形容词不同等级的变化规则：构成法原级比较级最高级备注一般词尾加・er,talltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加・stnicenicernicest

32以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单音节词，双bigbiggerbiggest类似词有：fatthinwethotred

33写结尾辅音字母，再加-er>-est辅音字母+y结尾的词，改y为i,再加・er,-esteasyeasiereasiest多音节词在前面加more,mostinterestingmoreinterestingmostinteresting类似词有：carefulinterestingbeautifulimportantdelicious等不规则变化:原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestbad,illworseworstoldolderelder（更年长的）oldest,eldest（最年长的）many,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest注意:比较级前面可加much,far,even,still,alot,alittle,abit等修饰语eg：Heismuchtallerthanhisbrother.Ourcountryismuchmorebeautifulthanbefore.原级：肯定形式：as+原级+as（像….一样）否定形式：not+so（as）+原级+as（不如….那样）eg:Mybrotherisastallasme.Pandasarenotasdangerousaslions.比较级：不同程度：比较级+than（比）eg:Thisdressismorebeautifulthanthatone.程度加深：比较级+and+比较级（越来越…・.）the+比较级，the+比较级（越…就越…・.）eg:Theweatherisgettinghotterandhotter.Themorehegets,themorehewants.最高级：lhe+最高级+of（+数量）/in（+地点范围）（最）eg:TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestriverinChina.Lilyisthebestgirlofthethree.2.使用比较级时要注意的问题：1）在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰：much,alittle,even,far,abit,still,alot,等数词+量词也可以修饰比较级$n：HeistwoyearsyoungerthanI.还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.2）要避免重复使用比较级（错）Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.

34（对）Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.或Heiscleverthanhisbrother.3）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。（$h）ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.（对）ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.5.）不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a,ana/an+比较级+名词Howfastheruns.Tveneverseenabetterrunner.比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tomisthetallerofthetwobrothers.6）than后面可以用主格，也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。I'mtallerthanhe/him.Iliketheboythanher.1liketheboythanshe.3.比较级的常见句型：1.）比较级+and+比较级越来越2.）the+比较级…,the+比较级….越…,就越…3.）as...as和一样；notas/so…as和……不一样;不如……中间用形容词或副词的原级4.）like....betterthan...和相比更喜欢5.）宁可也不・・..Prefertodosthratherthandosth.Prefertodosth.Preferdoingsthtodoingsth.6.）moreBthanA与其说A,不如说BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.7.）nomore...than...与i样,不比多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.noless...than...与^羊Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.8.）morethan不只是，非常Sheismorethankindtousall.4.使用最高级时应注意的问题：1.）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。2.）最高级后面的介词in与of的区别4）倍数+as+形容词+as+比较对象Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.=Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.形容词Exs：一选择正确的答案1.WhichdoesJimmylike,Chineseorart?A.wellB.bestC.betterD.much2.TheChangjiangRiverisoneofintheworld.A.thelongestriverB.ThemoreC.thelongestriversD.longerriver3.ofthetwowomenisMrsBrown.A.ThebeautifulB.ThemorebeautifulC.MorebeautifulD.Themostbeautiful4.Mymooncakeisnicerhis.A.likeB.withC.forD.than5.Youarefatterthan.A.heB.hisC.himD.heistall6.Hejumpsofthethree.

35A.farB.futherC.farthestD.furthest1.Myhairislongerthan.A.mysisterB.KateC.mybrother'sD.Lucys12.Thereispaperhere.Pleasebringsome.A.littleB.lessC.fewerD.alittle3.Thepenisthanthatone.A.morecheapB.cheapC.muchcheaperD.quitecheaper4.TomspeaksChinesebetterthanJimmy.A.moreB.veryC.alotD.much5.TherearegirlsinClass2thaninClass4.A.moreB.nicestC.mostD.best6.It*stooforyoutodothat.A.easyB.moredangerousC.harderD.theeasist7.Whohasapplesnow,Jim,LilyorLucy?A.muchB.biggestC.betterD.themost8.Youhavemorerulersthanme.Butarenicerthan.A.mine,yoursB.mine,yourC.my,yoursD.my,your9.TingtingisthanMeimei,butMeimeiisthanTingting.A.tall,strongerB.taller,strongestC.tallest,strongD.tailer,stronger16.Motherisinmyfamily.A.busyB.busierC.thebusiestD.morebusy17.ThereareintheparkonSundays.A.morechildrenB.alotofpeopleC.muchmenandwomenD.manypeoples18.Thedumplingsarethanthenoodles,Ithink.A.morenicerB.muchdeliciousC.veryniceD.muchmoredelicious19.Sheisthanmeatdrawing.A.betterB.bestC.goodD.harder20.Thisbluesweateristoobigforme.Willyoupleaseshowmeaone?A.smallB.smallerC.thesmallestD.smallest21..Themeatsmells.You'dbetterthrowitaway.A.bad,B.badly,C.wellD.good22.Lilyisagirl,shealwaysdoeswellinherhomework.A.care,B.carefulC.carefullyD.careless1..1saw)inthepicture.A.somethinginteresting,B.interestingsomething,C.anythinginterestingD.interestinganything24.Samis1.62,heisgettingtallerandtaller.A.metrestall,B.tallmetres,C.metreshighD.highmetres25.Thereisn'tforallofus.A.enoughwaterB.waterenoughC.booksenoughD.enoughbooks26.Theroomisforustostayin.A.bigenoughB.enoughbigC.enoughgoodD.wellenough27.Whichsubjectdoyoulike,math,ChineseorEnglish?A.betterB.bestC.wellD.verymuch28.GuangzhouisoneofinChina.

36A.biggestcityB.thebigcityC.thebiggestcitiesD.thebigcity24.Youaretoofat.Youshouldeatandtakeexercise.A.less,lessB.less,moreC.least,moreD.more,less25.—Howistheweatheryesterday?-Itisterrible.Itisgetting.A.worst,worstB.better,betterC.good,goodD.worse,worse26.—Thisbookisinteresting.■一Yes.ButIthinktheonewithapictureisofall.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.themostinterestingD.theinteresting27.heeats,hegets.A.Themore,thefatterB.Themore,thefaterC.less,fatterD.theless,thefatter28.Theoldman'shairissnow.A.aswhiterasB.sowhiteasC.aswhitethanD.aswhiteas29.LessonOneisthanLessonTwo.A.muchdifficultB.muchmoredifficultC.moremuchdifficultD.asdifficult30.Whichis,thecatorthetiger?A.gentleB.gentlestC.gentlerD.mostgentle31.Thisisgoodboy,alltheteacherslikehim.A.aquiteB.quiteaC.atooD.soa二.用所给词的适当形式填空1.Yourclassroomis(wide)and(bright)thanours.2.Therearehoursofsunlightadayinwinterthaninsummer,(few)3.Whichdoyoulike,mathsorchemistry?(well)4.ThisisthefilmIhaveeverseen,(good)5.Africaisthesecondcontinent,(large)6.Whathesaidmadehismothermuch.(angry)7.I'mnotasashe.(careful)8.We'vegotasbooksasweneed,(many)9.Theyhavedone(much)workwith(little)money.10.Practiceasasyoucan.(much)11.You*rethepersonI'veeverseen,(kind)12.Heisthanhistwosisters,(young)13.The(old)Iget,the(strong)Iseemtofeel.14.Theweatherisgetting(warm)and(warm).15.Youarefarthanyouwere,(polite)16.Thepatientisnothanpeople,(we11)17.Summerisseasonoftheyear,(hot)18.Icandoitwellwithevenmoney,（little）三.中考真题测试1.TheairinBeijingisgettingmuchnowthanafewyearsago.（2005年北京）A.cleanB.cleanerC.cleanestD.thecleanest

371.Mycousinhaschangedalot.Sheusedtobebutnowsheistai1.A.shortB.thinC.prettyD.heavy2.Mobilephonesareverypopularnowandtheyarethanbefore.（2005北京海淀）A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapestD.thecheapest3.—Wespentallourmoneybecausewestayedatthemostexpensivehotelintown.—Whydidn'tyoustayatone?A.acheapB.acheaperC.thecheapD.thecheaper4.—Doyoulikewesternfood?—No.Thefoodofourcountryisthatofwesterncountries.A.rathergoodthanB.muchbetterthanC.morebetterthanD.notsogoodas5.Thisisthatallofusbelieveit'sveryimportant.A.suchusefulinformationB.sousefulaninformationC.sousefulinformationD.suchausefulinformation6.—Mum,couldIhaveanMP3—Certainly,wecanbuyone,butasgoodasthis.A.acheapB.acheapestC.acheaperD.thecheapest7.Theharderwework,theresultwewillget.A.fasterB.fewerC.betterD.thecheapest8.Weshouldkeepoureyeswhiledoingeyeexercises.A.closeB.closedC.openD.opened9.Lookatthemanintherightpicture.Heis.A.right-handedB.left-handedC.nohandD.ahand10.—Tomisgoodatdrawing.HowaboutMike?—Mikeis,Ithink.HehasgotmoreprizesthanTom.A.wellB.OKC.goodD.better11.—Haveyouboughtthatdigitalcamera?一No,Ican'taffordit.Thepriceisabit.A.nowB.highC.cheapexpensive12.NowmoreandmoreChinesepeopleareenoughtobuycars.A.richB.weakC.poorD.strong13.Kateisreally.She'sneverangrywithothers.A.tallB.friendlyC.luckyD.clever14.—WhichisriverinChina?—TheChangjiangRiver.A.longerB.thelongestC.longestD.thelonger副词1）时间和频度副词：now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,late,next,lastday,already,generally,frequently,

38seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday,once,twice2）地点副词：here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3）方式副词：carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly4）程度副词：much,little,very,rather,so,too,sti11,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly,hardly.5）疑问副词:how,when,where,why.6）关系副词:when,where,why.7）连接副词：therefore,moreover,however,otherwise,then.二o副词的用法：用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词，在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。Heworkshard.Let，sbeout.Foodhereishardlytoget.Lethimout!.修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后a.Thevillagerstherearebusygettinginwheat位置：1）实意动词之前,be动词、情态动词之后。IamalsoBush.

39Icanalsodothat.Ialsowanttoplaythatgames.2）副词修饰形容词，副词时，副词在前面，而被修饰的词在后面。It'srathereasy,Icandoit.Hediditquitewell.3）频度副词可放在实义动词的前面，情态动词和助动词的后面。Ioftenhelphimthesedays.Youmustn，talwayshelpme.Thenewstudentsdon，talwaysgotodance.4）疑问副词，连接副词，关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词，通常放在句子或从句的前面。Whendoyoustudyeveryday?Canyoutellmehowyoudidit?5）时间副词和地点副词在一个句中，地点副词在前面，时间副词在后面。Wewentshoppinginthesupermarketat9o'clockyesterday.6）否定副词在句首，句子要倒装，如：NeverhaveIfeltsoexcited!兼有两种形式的副词1）close与closelyclose意思是〃近〃；closely意思是"仔细地〃Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.2）late与latelylate意思是〃晚"；lately意思是〃最近〃Youhavecometoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?3）deep与deeplydeep意思是〃深〃，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，”深深地〃Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.4）high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much

40Theplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.

411）wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，〃在许多地方〃Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.2）free与freelyfree的意思是〃免费〃；freely的意思是〃无限制地〃Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.副词有加a或ly的区别在于通常加a的副词描述一种状态，而加ly的副词则倾向于感觉。练习：1.Theteacherwasveryangryanddecidedtosendschool,sohewasn'tastudentanylonger.A.awayhimfromB.himawayfromtheC.awayhimoutofD.himawayfrom2.,hedidn'tfailintheEnglishexam.A.LuckB.LuckyC.LuckilyD.Luckly3.—Areyoufeeling?—Yes,I'mfinenow.A.anywellB.anybetterC.quitegoodD.quitebetter4.Themorewelookedatthepicture,.A.thelesswelikeditB.welikeitlessC.betterwelikeitD.itlookedbetter5.OurEnglishneedstobeimproved(改进).A.fartherB.farthestC.furtherD.far5.Whatapity!LucyranmoreslowlythanLily.A.afewB.muchC.alittleD.little7.Heisrunningnow.A.moreslowlyandmoreslowlyB.slowlierandslowlierC.moreandmoreslowlyD.slowlyandslowly8.Lastnightmyfatherwentbacklaterthanbefore.A.quiteB.veryC.evenD.muchmore9.Thesickmanwastoothintogoany.A.farB.fartherC.furtherD.farthest实战：1.Theanswerisniceandsoft.ShallItheshopkeeperifIcantryiton?A.askB.answerC.speakD.tell2.Tickets,please.MayIyourticketplease,madam?A.showB.watchC.findD.see3.It'snotgoodtowhenyouarewaitingforabus.A.standinlineB.getonwellC.jumpthequeueD.waitforyourtum

421.It*shardtocountthemonkeys,they'rerunningandjumping.A.attimesB.allthetimeC.moreorlessD.rightaway2.I'msorry,we'vetheshoesinyoursize.A.paidforB.putonC.soldoutD.putaway3.Weihua'spenwas,sosheneededanewone.A.brokenB.longC.cheapD.here4.Youcanoftenbuythingsfromtheirshophome.A.ofthewayB.bythewayC.anotherwayofD.onyourway5.Theteacherintheschoollibraryisvery.Youmustreturnyourlibrarybookontime!A.kindB.lonelyC.strictD.polite6.Thankstoman-makesatellite,theworlditselfisbecomingamuchsmaller.A.spaceB.placeC.roomD.universe1..1likethesweater,butittoomuch.A.usesB.takesC.costsD.spends11.FatherChristmaslandsontopofhouseandclimbsdownthechimneyintothefire-place.A.eachB.allC.eitherD.both12.Theiceisverythin.It'sdangerouswalkonit.A.so,thatB.as,asC.from,toD.too,to13.Onedayhismotherwasill.Sheadoctor.A.sentforB.sentawayC.sentupD.fellbehind14.Hetheradioandlistenedtothemusic.A.openedB.turnedonC.turnedoffD.closed15.ThedoctorMrsBrownverycarefullyandthensaid:"There'snothingmuchwrongwithyou.*'A.watchedB.operatedC.lookedoverD.lookedafter。16.HespeaksEnglishhisaunt.A.asgoodasB.aswellasC.asbetterasD.asbestas17.Whichdoyoulike,skating,swimmingorfishing?A.moreB.mostC.betterD.best18..Whosings,RoseorKate?A.wellB.goodC.betterD.best19.ShewritesthanI.A.morecarefulB.muchcarefulC.muchmorecarefullyD.muchcarefully20.Thenightwasvery,sohehadtotakeoffhisshoes.A.quiet;quietlyB.quite;quicklyC.late;quickD.quite;quietly21.Howthegirlsareplaying!A.happyB.happierC.happilyD.happily22.1nBritainteawithmilkorsugarinit.A.usuallydrinksB.isusuallydrunkC.usuallyisdrunkD.drankusually23.Hetoschooltocleanhisclassroom.A.alwayscomesearlyB.comesalwaysearlyC.alwaysearlycomesD.comealwaysearlier24.Betterthannever.A.lateB.thelaterC.laterD.thelate

4325.WehavebeentotheChinaFolkCultureVillages.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.last26.1gotuptoday.1.laterB.morelatelyC.latelyD.late27.hedropsinhisfriendsaftersupper.A.Sometimes;forB.Sometimes;onC.Often;forD.Seldom;on28.TodayTomgoestoschoolearlierthan.A.asusualB.usualC.usuallyD.ago29.Todaywedoourhomeworkathome.A.thanusualB.oftenC.usuallyD.asusual30.Alicegoestoschoolatseven.A.usualB.usuallyC.hardD.alittle31.Itwasbadweatherthatweallhadtostayinside.A.veryB.soC.ratherD.such32Heiskindanoldmanthatallthechildrenlikehim.A.veryB.soC.ratherD.such33He,ourheadmasterwaspleasedwithourwork.A.fairlyB.evenC.muchD.great34Therewasaheavysnowlastnight.Thismorningisoutside.A.toorathercoldB.rathertoocoldC.suchcoldD.fairlycold35.Wewon'tgotothecinemanextSaturday.Theywon't.A.tooB.alsoC.neitherD.either36.Shelikesreadingand.A.soIdoB.IdosoC.1likesoD.sodoI37-1won'tgototheGreatWalltomorrow.-Iwon't,.A.neitherB.eitherC.tooD.also38.Helikestodosomereadinginthemorning,Ilikeit,.A.tooB.eitherC.neitherD.also39.Hedidn'tknowheraddress,did1.A.tooB.alsoC.eitherD.neither40.1haveneverseenbigpears.A.suchB.veryC.soD.rather形容词副词综合练习L用所给单词或汉语提示的适当形式填空：1.Johnis(tall)thanSam.2.Lindaisthe(young)inourclass.3.Themantookoffhisshoesandputthemunderhisbedvery(quiet).4.Annfeltvery(happy)atherbirthdayparty.5.Whichis(far)fromus,thesunorthemoon?6.Shelooks(thin)thanme.7.Itsnowed（heavy）lastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.8.Jasonseemstobethe（busy）manintheworld.9.“Thesooner,the（good）”,theteachersaid.

441.Jackhasthe（little）breadofthethreeboys.1l.Wedon'tthinktheirclassroomis（干净）thanours.12.Marywalksas（慢）asLilydoes.13.Who's（好）thanyouatEnglishinyourclass?14.Theteacheraskedustotakea（仔细）lookateverythinginthelab.15.Shanghaiisoneofthe（大）citiesintheworld.16.Whichisthe（beautiful）skirtofthethree?17.Thesickmanisgetting（ill）.18.Themeatsmells（坏）.Pleasetakeitaway.19.Thewindisblowing（strong）.20.Who*s（高）,LucyorLily?21.Shedidn'tdoherhomework（仔细）.22.Yourbagismuch（轻）thanmine.23.How（大）therainis!24.OfallthestudentsLiHualives（远）.二.选择1.Thelittlebabylooks.A.lovelyB.carefullyC.heavilyD.sadly2.TheChinesepeoplearethanyouthink.A.friendlyB.morefriendlyC.veryfriendlyD.asfriendly3.Everythingisonthemoonthanontheearth.A.muchmorelighterB.muchmorelightC.morelighterD.muchlighter4.SheiscarefulasI,butI'mthanyou.A.as;muchcarefulB.so;morecarefulC.as;muchmorecarefulD.so;verycareful5.1thinkscienceisforeignlanguages.A.sodifficultasB.asdifficultasC.verydifficultthanD.muchdifficultthan6.Allanisoneofpopularteachersintheschool.1.moreB.themoreC.mostD.themost1.1don'tthinkUnit3ismoredifficult.Ithinkit's.A.moreeasilyB.moreeasierC.mucheasilyD.mucheasier8.NoonerunsasfastasJohninhisclass.Thesentencemeans.A.Johnrunsfastestinhisclass.8.Johnrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.9.Johnrunsmoreslowlythananyotherstudentinhisclass.10Johnrunsasfastasothersinhisclass,

458Whichdoyoulike,tea,orangeorwater?A.goodB.wellC.bestD.better9.OfalltheapplesJim'sis.A.thebiggerB.thebiggestC.biggerD.biggest10.Mathsoneofthesubjectsinmiddleschool.A.are;importantB.is;mostimportantC.is;moreimportantD.are;muchimportant11.Whatacough!Youseemill.A.terrible;terriblyB.terribly;terribleC.terrible;terribleD.terribly;terribly12.TheYellowRiverisriverinChina.A.thetwolongB.thesecondlongerC.thesecondlongestD.twolongest13.-Doyouhaveabiglibrary?-No,wedon,t,atleast,notyours.A.biggerasB.asbigasC.asbigthanD.asbiggerthan14.Therearealotpeopletodaythanyesterday.A.ofB.mostC.muchD.more15.-Shehasbeenillsincelastweek.Howisshenow?-Sheistoday.A.worseB.illerC.worstD.muchmoreill16.Johnhasthreesisters.Maryistheofthethree.A.mostcleverestB.morecleverC.cleverestD.cleverer18.Ittakesalongtimetogotherebytrain;It'sbyroad!A.quickB.thequickestC.muchquickD.quicker19.Thehorseisgettingoldandcannotrunitdid.A.asfasterasB.sofastthanC.fasterD.sofastas20.1believethatyouwork,result（结果）you'IIget.A.theharder;thebetterB.theharder;abetterC.themorehard;themorebetterD.morehard;morebetter21.ThoughLiMingandLiHuaaretwinbrothers,theylook.A.sameB.thesameC.differenceD.different22.QueshiBridgeisthesecondbridgeinShantou.A.largeB.longC.longerD.longest1.介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：TheboyoverthereisJohn'sbrother.(定语)Thegirlwillbebackintwohours.(状语)

46OurEnglishteacherisfromAustralia.(表语)Helpyourselflosomefish.(宾语补足语)1.常用介词的用法辨析(1)表时间的介词_at,inon_at表示时刻、时间的某一点atsix,atnoon,athalfpastone,atthattime/momenton表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时onSunday,onFridayafternoon,onacoldmorning,onMonday,onJulylsl,onSundaymorningonthemorningof...onMarch12lh,2005in表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时inspring,in2004,inthemorning,intheninettenthcentury,in2002,inmay,inwinter,intheafternoon*在his,last,that,next,every等词前面不用介诃thisafternoon,lastSunday,everymorning(2)by"在……前”多和完成时态连用till"直到才"Filwaitheretillyoucomeback.until”不到就不"常和until连用rilnotleaveuntilyoucomeback.(3)in过以后，大多用于将来时after多用于过去时(4)since+过去的一个时间点(表示时间段，从开始到现在)for+一段时间二、表示场所、方向的介词：(1)at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面。(2)over,on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。Thereisabridgeovertheriver..Weflewabovetheclouds..Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher'sdesk..(3)between…and..在和之间among在中间(三者以上)(4)across(从物体表面)跨越，越过through(从物体中间)穿透，穿越across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边"，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：.Thedogranacrossthegrass._Theboyswamacrosstheriver..Theywalkedthroughtheforest..Ipushedthroughthecrowds..（4）infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；inthefrontof表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：.Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding..Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom..（5）in在……里面（表示静止的位置）into进入，表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后，如go,come,walk,jump,run等into的反义词是outof（6）to到（目底地）或方向towards指朝着某方向，而不是目的地.Hewalkedtowardsthebeach.三、其它介词

471.with（1）在一起；（2）有；（3）用某种工具in用什么材料或语言，或表示衣着，声调特点等by用■2.Like象小as作为；按照，象一样（连词）+句子3..for（1）为了（表示目的或原因）（2）（后面加一段时间）表示时间段3.介词的固定搭配介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。'（1）介词与动词的搭配一listento,laughat,getto,lookforwaitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend...on...,等。_（2）介词与名词的搭配一ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone'swayto,introuble,atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。_（3）介词与形容词的搭配一belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,besorryfor空寸。一介词专项练习一.选择填空：1.Mrs.BrowncametoChina1996.A.fromB.ofC.toD.in2.Theroomwasful1smokeafterthebigfire.A.ofB.withC.inD.for3.Herearesomepresentsyouourbestwishes.A.to;withB.for;withC.of;aboutD.for;for4.BothMrGreenandMrsGreenwerebornJune,1956.A.inB.atC.onD.for5.Thelittleboyisalwaysinterestedscience.A.withB.byC.inD.at6.LiLeioftengetsupseveno'clockonSundays.A.onB.inC.atD.for7.TheyarrivedearlyaTuesdaymorning.A.onB.atC.inD.of8.Macao（澳门）willreturntoourmotherlandDecember20th,1999.A.onB.atC.inD.for9.Whenwereyouborn?1wasbornAugust25,1983.A.onB.inC.atD.to10.Letmeshowyoutheplacethemap.A.withB.onC.in11.Johnknowsacomputer.A.howtouseB.howuseC.howuses12.ThevisitorsJapanarrivedBeijingStationlastTuesdaymorning.A.from;atB.of;toC.from;toD.of;on13.Theteacherwillbebackanhour.A.inB.afterC.on14.ThisprogrammewassenttotheUSAChinasatellite.A.in;ofB.of;inC.from;byD.by;from15.It'scoldoutside.Pleaseyourwarmclothes.A.putinB.takeoffC.putonD.putup

481.Hegotmanygiftshisbirthdayhisfriends.A.on,fromB.in,ofC.at,toD.from,for2.Theclassroomisquitedifferentthatone.A.ofB.fromC.withD.like3.Look,you'11seeabridgetheriver.A.onB.aboveC.overD.in4.-Yourcoatlooksnice,IsItcotton?-Yes.It*sShanghai.A.madeof,madebyB.madeof,madeinC.madefor,madeinD.madefrommadeby5.Towmayfalltheothersbecausehehasmissedsomanylessons.A.afterB.behindC.laterD.outof二、用适当的介词填空1.What'swrongyourwatch?2.Onethestudentsisintheclassroom.3.Ithinktheshopisclosedthistimeofday.4.MyfatherteachesEnglishaschool.5.Wehavelunchthemiddleoftheday.6.Youcanbuysomeschoolthingsyourwayhome.7.IwasbornJuly1,1982.8.MayIborrowapencilyou?9.Don,tsleeptheopenair.10.Ioftenhelpmymotherthehousework.11.It,stimeschool.12.Ihavequitealothomeworktodo.13.What'sthetime?It*shalfseven.14.Ducksaregoodswimming.15.Whatareyoutalking?16.Heissittingthefrontofthecar.17.Theeraserwaspassedonestudentanother.18.DidyouliveBeijingin1997?19.Whendidyouarrivethevillage?20.IthinkMaryisdutytoday.21.Eatingtoomuchisn'tgoodyourhealth.22.I,mafraidheisthecinemathemoment.23.Thanksaskingmetoyourparty.24.Mywatchisverydifferentyours.25.What'stheweathertoday?26.Thestudentisaskinghisteacherthesportsmeeting.27.Thefarmersareallgettingreadythenextyear.28.Theradiosaysthewindwillstoplatertheday.29.Let'sgooutawalk,shallwe?30.Tom,yourmotheriswaitingyou.31.Wehavenoodlesforlunchforlunchtimes.32.HarerbinisthenorthofChina.33.Thedaytomorrowwillbewindy.34.Don,tworryyourtest.35.Idon，tknowwhichisthewaythepark.36.Anoldwomanisthesideoftheroad.37.theendoftheroadyou'11seethehospital38.HeleftTokyoavisitBeijing.39.Don*tlaughotherpeople,smistakes.40.Hedidthisinsteadme.

491.Thepeoplehereareveryfriendlyus.2.DoeshelearnEnglishhimself?3.Ifeltalittleafraidmyteacher.4.I*mafraidhe'llfallthebike.5.Helpyourselvessomefish,LilyandLucy.6.thesewordshelefttheclassroom.7.Itwasapleasureme.8.rmsorryI'mlatethemeeting.9.Studyhard,oryouwon'tcatchupyourclassmates.10.NotfarhimwasLinTao.LinTaoranfast,too.11.MrWuisgoingtotellustheresultonce.12.Hegoestoschoolearlyusual.13.It'sanotherwaysayingfast.14.I*msorryhedoesn'tagreeme.15.Heprefersplayingfootballplayingbasketball.16.Whatdoyoumeanbaozhi?17.Don'tplayfire.It*sdangerous.18.Hedidn'tgobeduntiltwelveo,clock.19.Myteacherwasangryme.20.Someoneisknockingthedoor.21.HaveyouheardJimyet?22.Ifyoubreakthewindow,you111havetopayit.23.I*msorry.Iwon'ttalktoothersinclassnowon.24.Whathaveyoudonethemilk?25.ThestudentswalkedthegateswithUncleWang.26.Areyoutrouble,Jim?27.Mymotherisill.Ihavetosendthedoctor.28.Thedoctoroperatedmymotheratonce.29.Theglassisfullmilk.30.Isawhimthecrowd.31.Thereareagroupofsheepthefootofthehi11.32.Wearetwins.Peopleoftenmistakeuseachother.33.Theknifeismademetalandwood.34.Shipscantraveltheworld.35.Hewatchedmesurprise.36.Choosemysubject.SomethingaboutEnglish,example.37.Tiethehorsethetree.38.Nothingcanstopusstudyinghard.39.MrWang'shelp,Ihavepassedtheexam.40.Pleasecutthemetalsomepieces.41.Ifeelgoingforawalk.42.Wecanfinishtheworkaweek.43.AreyouinterestedthefilmTitanic?44.Hundredsyearsago,therewasavillagehere.45.Whatearthcanyousee?46.Whendidyoujoinusthegame?连词（-）连词的概念：用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词（二）并列连词的分类：

501.并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。表示意思转折的连词But,yet,however,while表示因果关系的连词For,so,thereforek示并列关系的连词And,or,either…or,neither…nornotonly…butalso,both…and,aswellasor,either...or表选择关系的并列连词的用法：1、并列连词and和or：①and和or是用得最多的并列连词，可以连接：a.两个并列的动词：Weweresinginganddancingallevening.b.名词、形容词等：Thisappleisbigandred.Wouldyoulikefishorbeef?c.两个并列的分句（句子）：IsaiditandImeantit.②and可连接两个分句，表示递进关系。Givehimaninchandhewilltakeamile.他会得寸进尺。③or可连接分句，表示“否则”：Don,tdrivesofastoryouHlhaveanaccident.别开这么快，不然你会出车祸。2、表示意思转折的连词：but,yet:①but和yet的用法：Theweatherwillbesunnybutcold.天气会晴朗但很冷。Itisstrange,yettrue.这很奇怪，却是真的。©however,still等为副词，但可起连接作用，表示意思的转折—“但是”或“然而”。a.however:Hisfirstresponsewastosayno.Later,however,hechangedhismind.b.still:It'sraining;stillI'dliketogo.③词组allthesame:Sheisnaughty,allthesamewehavetolaughatherjokes.她很调皮，但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。3、表示因果的连词：①for可以表示“因为”，但引导的不是从句，而是并列分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中比较多见。Thedayswereshort,foritwasnowDecember.②so表示结果，可译为“因此”、“所以，Ourcaseswereheavy,sowetookataxi.③therefore为副词，也表示同样的意思一“因此”，可放句前：Hehadgone;shethereforegavethemoneytome.他走了，于是她把钱给了我。4、both...and的用法Amanshouldhavebothcourageandperseverance.一个人既要有勇气又要有毅力。

51【难点】5、就近原贝II：either...or...,neither...nor,notonly...butalso...这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：Eitheryouorheiswrong.Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.6、aswellas的用法：Ihavereadoneofhisnovelsaswellasafewofhisplays.我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。2.从属连词一从句种类主要从属连词时间从句when,while,as,before,after,until,till,whenever条件从句if,unless,supposing(suppose),aslongas目的从句inorderthat,sothat结果从句so…that,such…that,sothat,so原因从句because,as,since让步从句although,though,eventhough(if),while方式从句asif,asthough,as,like地点从句where,wherever比较从句than,as［说明］that,whelher,if等从属连词可引导名词从句，在句中担任主语、宾语等。.常用连词的用法辨析_(1)while,when,as.这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。1)当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While,when,as都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：.As/When/WhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetInoticedapolicecar.2)当两个长动作同时进行的时候,最常用的是while。例如：.Whilemotherwascookinglunch,Iwasdoingmyhomework.3)当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：_Aschildrengetolder,theybecomemoreandmoreinterestedinthingsaroundthem.4)当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边…一边…”时,最常用as。例如：.JShelookedbehindfromtimetotimeasshewent.5)当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when0例如：_Whenhefinishedhiswork,hetookashortrest..6)当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：_WhenJohnarrivedIwascookinglunch.(2)as,because,since,for.这四个词都可表成因，但用法有区别。一1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because«因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：_Istayedathomebecauseitrained..-Whyaren'tyougoing?.■一BecauseIdon'lwantto..2)如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as

52稍微正式一点。As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：_Ashewasn'tready,weleftwithouthim..SinceIhavenomoney,Ican'tbuyanyfood.(3)for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：Idecidedtostopandhavelunch——forIwasfeelingquitehungry.(4)if,whetherif和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.Idon'tknowwhether(if)helikesthatfilm.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：1)引导主语从句时。例如：Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.2)引导表语从句时。例如：ThequestioniswhetherIcanpasstheexam.3)在不定式前。例如：Ihaven'tmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.(5)so...that,such...that1)so...that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such...that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：I'msotiredthatIcan'twalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.2)如果在名词之前有many,much,little,few时，用so,不用sucho例如:Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob.IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.(6)(7)although,but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。(8)because,so这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。【基础练习】（一）根据句意选用and,but,oi;so,while,for填空。1.Thegroundiswet,itrainedlastnight.2.It'safinedaytoday,everyoneisbusy.3.Thisisourfirstlesson,Idon'tknowallyournames.4.Takeanumbrellawithyou,you'llgetwet.5.DoyouunderstandwhatIsaiddoyouwantmetoexplainitagain?6.Wehaveclassesinthemorning,wedon'thaveclassesintheafternoon.7.Sheisadoctor1amateacher.8.Useyourhead,you'llfindaway.9.Theywenttothezooyesterday,theydidn'tseeanyanimals.1..1mustgonow,it'sgettingdark.11.Becareful,youwillfalloffthetree.12.—Excuseme.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?一I'msorry,therearen*tanyseatsnow.Wouldyoumindwaitingforawhile?13.Nevergiveup,you'llmakeit.14.Shewasverythirsty,shedranksomewaterfromtheriver.15.Youmustworkhard,you'llfallbehind.

5311.Thedresswasveryexpensive,Ididn'tbuyit.12.Myuncledoesn'thavemuchmoney,healwaysenjoyshimself.13.一Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?一I'dliketo,I'mbusy.12、Getupearlytomorrow,youwon*tgettherebeforeseven.(二)选择最佳答案：()1MyauntaskswhetherIlikeawoolensweateracottonone.A.butB.orC.andD.not()2EitherMaryLucytoldhimtocometoseeus.A.orB.andC.withD.nor()3Hurryup,we'llbelateforthefilm.A.andB.butC.soD.or()4Bequick,wellbelate.A.andB.orC.butD.so()5Werantothetrees,wecouldn'tseeanymoremonkeys.A.butB.soC.andD.for()6LiPingWuFangLeaguemembers.A.Neither;nor;areB.Either;nor;isC.Both;and;areD.Neither;or;is()7Youcanstayathomegoouttoplay.A.either;orB.so;thatC.neither;andD.both;and()8WeiHuaAnnverybusy.A.Both;and;isB.So;and;isC.Either;or;isD.So;that;are()9MondayTuesdayisOK,Iwillbefreethen.A.Either;orB.Neither;norC.So;thatD.Both;and()10mybrothersisteraredoctors.A.Not;butB.Neither;norC.Both;andD.Either;or()11Theteacher,aswellashisstudentsfootball.A.likeB.likesC.enjoyD.play()12Thedoctor,alongwiththesenursessenttothecountry.A.areB.wereC.haveD.was()13Mysister,togetherwithherclassmatesinterestedinthenewbook.A.areB.wereC.isD.have()14sheIknowshistelephonenumber,becauseithasbeenchanged.A.Both;andB.Either;orC.Notonly;butalsoD.Neither;nor()15JackTomwatchedTVyesterdayeveningbecausetheywerebusywiththeirlessons.A.Both;andB.Notonly;butalsoC.Not;butD.Neither;nor()16Youmaysitthisendthatendoftheboat.A.neither;norB.both;andC.either;orD.between;and()17Noneoftheshoesaretherightsize.Theyaretoobigtoosmall.A.or;orB.either;orC.neither;norD.both;and()18WhenLilywasthree,shecouldreadwrite.A.not;butB.not;andC.neither;norD.either;or()19Weshouldlearnfrombooks.fromworkersandfarmers.A.both;andB.either;orC.neither;norD.as;as

54()20Wewenttothecinema,tothepark.A.didnot;/B.not;butC.either;orD.both;and二、从属连词：1.分类：【基础练习】(-)选择所给的连词填空：when,because,but,before,if,so....that,as....as,not...until,and,after,or,since1.Hurryup,please!you'llbelateforschool.2.Shegotobedhermothercameback.3.YesterdayJimdidn'tgotoseethefilm,hemustgooverhislessons.4.Thestudentsweretalkingaboutthesportsmeetingtheteachercamein.5.IwastiredIcouldn'twalkanymore.6.Thisbuildingistallthatone.7.Tomwasillyesterday,hestillwenttoschoolasusual.8.HeaskedmeIwouldgotherewithhim.9.Wehavestudiedhere1994.10.ThechildhadstudiedEnglishfortwoyearshewenttomiddleschool.11.theboyfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.12.Studyhardonyoursubjects,you'lldowellintheexam.(-)选择最佳答案：()1.LiuMingtoldushisclasswereexcitedbythenews.A.whenB.howC.thatD.before)2.Myfatherdidn'tcomebackhefinishedallthework.A.untilB.whileC.ifD.assoonas)3.MorepeoplecameIhadexpected.A.asifB.sothatC.sinceD.than)4.Hecan'tdecidewhichtochoosethere'snodifferencebetweenthem.A.butB.soC.becauseD.and)5.Lifetodayiseasieritwashundredsofyearsago.A.than.asC.whatD.when)6.theteachercameintotheclassroom,allthechildrenstoodup.A.WhetherB.AswellasC.IfD.Assoonas)7.thepopulationofacitygrows,itsproblemsalsogrow.A.AsB.WithC.AssoonD.If)8.ThefilmwassomovingMikewantedtoseeitagain.A.thatB.andC.soD.where)9.thecardislostduringyourstayinthehotel,pleasecalltheservicecenter.A.WhatB.BeforeC.BecauseD.If【中等题】(一)并列连词1.Thatwasalongdulltalk.A.soB.andC.sothatD.or2.theparentstheirchildrenwantedtomovetothecountry.A.Both,aswellasB.Neither,norC.Either,andD.Both,also

553.Hewon'tliveintown,willhiswife.A.eitherB.neitherC.alsoD.too4.Charlietookthejob,hediditverywell.A.soB.yetC.andD.sothat5.Mygrandfatherisinhiseighties,heisstillingoodhealth.A.orB.butC.soD.for6.—It'snothingserious.Juststayinbedforoneortwodays.takeiteasy.—Allright.A.StillB.AndC.ButalsoD.But7.Thinkitoveryouwillfindaway.A.orB.soC.andD.that8.CoopercanspeakChinesereadandwriteit.A.notonly,butalsoB.both,alsoC.notonly,andstillD.either,and9.Iwouldliketogoswimming,hewon't.A.andB.forC.norD.but10.Don'tstandatthedoor.comeingoout.A.Both,andB.Either,orC.Notonly,butalsoD.So,or11.Don'tfrightenthehorse,itwillkickyou.A.andB.sinceC.forD.or12.Wemustsetoutearlierthanyesterday,wewilltraveleightymilestoday.A.forB.andC.thoughD.when13.Itmustbelate,.alltheshopshaveclosed.A.becauseB.andC.soD.for14.Theroadwasnarrow,hedroveascarefullyhecould.A.so,asB.as,asC.and,whenD.but,assoonas15.Youaren,tlistening,111shutup.A.butB.whenC.soD.or16.Theboyhasmademanymistakes;,youarehisteacher,youshouldhelphim.A.though,soB.still,andC.for,soD.still,yet17.Ican'tbuyanewcomputeruntilnextmonth,I'llhavetousethisoldonenow.A.soB.whileC.sinceD.but18.Thewashingmachineisquite,old;,itworkswell.A.stillB.soC.sothatD.for19.Youmustworkharder,you'llbeputintoanotherclass.A.beforeB.orC.andD.sothat20.Thefrontdoorwaslocked,Iwentroundtothebackdoor.A.soB.butC.orD.fbr21.Inthatpartofthedesertwecouldn'tseeplantanimals.A.neither,norB.either,orC.both,andD.no,also22.Thereisairallaroundus,wecan*tseeit.A.soB.forC.butD.nor23.Youmaysitatthisend.youmaysitatthatend.

56A.ForB.AndC.OrD.So3.Theywereverybored,theystilllistenedtohim.A.soB.orC.forD.but4.EnglishisspokeninBritainandtheUnitedStalesbypeopleoutsideBritainandtheUnitedStates.A.notonly,butalsoB.neither,norC.either,aswellasD.both,aswellas（二）从属连词1.1askedhimdogitwas.A.whoseB.whichC.who'sD.where2.Theygotoconcertsofmodemmusictheyreallylikeit.A.becauseB.ifC.thoughD.after3.Findouttheyaregoingthiseveningandaskmayjointhem.A.whether,thatB.where,whetherC.what,ifD.where,why4.Histalkwasdullweallgotbored.

57B.very,thatD.so,thatA.as,asC.so.as2.MotheraskedCharlieliehadstayedoutsolate.A.howB.whyC.whenD.where3.Mydaughterboughtanewring,butshedidn'twanttotellmeitreallycost.A.howoftenB.howmanyC.howmuchD.howlong4.Canyoutellmethetimeis.A.whatB.howmuchC.howlongD.which5.DoyouthinkthenewcartoonwillbeshownonTVnextweek?A.whetherB.thatC.whenD.where6.Tellmeofthesecoatsyouprefer.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.who7.—Doyoualwaysgotoworkonfoot?—Notalways.itrains,Iusuallygotoworkbybus.A.WhenB.WhileC.AsD.Whether8.Thethiefwascaughthewasleavingthestore.A.asB.afterC.beforeD.until9.WelearnedalittleJapanesewewereinJapan.A.asB.sinceC.tillD.while10.youwon'thelpme,Imustdotheexercisemyself.A.ForB.NowthatC.SothatD.While11.Thesingertriedhisbesthemightwintheprize.A.sothatB.asC.tillD.if12.It'snotcoldtodayitwasyesterday.A.so,thatB.so,asC.very,asD.as,than13.Ileftforhome1wastoldthatallthestudentshadreturnedhome.A.untilB.afterC.whileD.so14.Weallstoodonthechairswecouldseetheactorsclearly.A.becauseB.beforeC.afterD.sothat15.I'mgladthatyouwillcome,buttellmeyouwillarrive.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.if16.Hehasmadegreatprogressinhisstudies,buthe'sworkingevenharderallofus.A.thanB.asC.likeD.of17.hewasn'tinterestedinmusic,hecametotheconcert.A.SinceB.ThoughC.WhenD.As18.Tomwasdoinghishomework,Jimwassleeping.A.WhileB.ForC.WhenD.Since19.youunderstandthisrule,youwon'thaveanytroubleindoingtheseexercises.A.WhileB.UntilC.AssoonasD.Whether20.wefailagain,wewillhavetogiveuptheplan.A.SinceB.WhetherC.IfD.Till21.Iwilltellhimallaboutithegetshere.A.assoonasB.sinceC.untilD.though22.IstilllistenedtohimIwasveryangrywithhim.A.becauseB.thoughC.ifD.when

582.Wehavebeengoodfriendswemeteachothernineyearsago.A.sinceB.whenC.afterD.before3.Hewentondoinghisjobhewasaskedtostop.A.whileB.sinceC.tillD.after4.Iwonderwewillhaveanynewsubjectsnextterm.A.thatB.whenC.whetherD.why5.Shewillhavetodothecookingherselfhermotherdoesn'tcomehomebeforesix.A.whenB.ifC.tillD.since6.Ihandedinmytestpaper,IknewIhadmadeamistakeinthelastproblem.A.AsB.SinceC.WhileD.Assoonas7.ItwasstilldarkIgotupaboutsixthatmorning.A.whileB.whenC.tillD.though8.Hedidn'tleavealltheotherslefttheburninghouse.A.untilB.asC.sinceD.so9.ThatpianoissoheavyIcan'tmoveitalone.A.thenB.asC.thatD.so10.rilhavedinnerinthatrestaurantIgotoAustraliaagain.A.whileB.sothatC.untilD.if11.IwillcallaclassmeetingIcanheareveryone'snewideaabouttheNewYear'sparty.A.sothatB.thatC.whichD.for12.IwassleepinginmybedroomIwaswokenupbyaloudnoise.A.whenB.whereC.thenD.till13.theafternoonlessonsbegan,theteacherwassurprisedtofindLiLiwasnotthere.A.AssoonasB.UntilC.AsD.Nowthat14.MissYanggradedallthepapers,shefoundtenpupilshadfailed.A.TillB.AfterC.IfD.As15.everyoneofyouhasgotthebook,Iwon'treadthetextagain.A.WhileB.ThoughC.NowthatD.Before16.Wehavereducedourworkinghoursitistoohot.A.whenB.ifC.thatD.as【提高题】(-)用适当的连词填空：1、Shetriedhardshefailed.2、Bequick,he'llbeangry.3、Youmaydoityourselfleaveittome.4、HecouldreadEnglishJapanesewell.5、Hedidn'tknowanythingaboutthathecouldn'ttellyou.6、youhewashereyesterday.Theywereatthecinema.7、Youcaneatitathomeintheopenair.EitherisOK.8、Useyourhead,you'llhaveaway.9、She'sourteacherourfriend.10、Writetomesoon,I'llknowalotaboutyou.11、Hewasill,hewastakentothehospital.12、Shefinishedtheworkquitequickly,didn'tdoitverywell.

5913、Youmayhaveacupofteaaglassofwater.14、Havearestandtakethismedicine,youwillbeworse.15、Thisshirtistoobigtosmallforme.I6^Weshouldbefriendlytothegirlstheboys.17、Hewasrathertired,hekeptonworking.18、Idon'tknowhim,doIknowwherehecomesfrom.19、ShemustcomefromScotland,onlytheScotchtalkinthatway.20、Sheisanartistascientist.（二）用适当的连词将下列句子合并起来：1.Mrs.SmithtalkedtoAllan.Allanstudiedevenharde匚2.1waslateforthemeeting.Imissedthe7:00bus.3.TheEnglishmanwastryinghard.TheGermangaveup.4.Thestudentsstillhadtheirsportsmeeting.Itwasraining5.Youhavetimetomorrow.We'llwaitforyouattheschool-gate.6.Theyhaveknowneachother.Theywereveryyoung.7.1sawawalletontheground.Iwaswalkinginthestreet.8.Theytriedtoworkoutthedifficultproblembythemselves.Theyaskedtheteacher.9.1willbelieveit.Iseeitwithmyowneyes.10.We'llhelpyou.You'reintrouble.全国各地中考真题：1.--Hurryup.Thebusiscoming.——Oh,no.Wemustn'tcrossthestreetthetrafficlightsaregreen.A.afterB.sinceC.whileD.until2.1willneverforgetthatterribleaccidentithappenedsolongago.

60A.onlyifBeventhoughC.onlywhenD.eversince3.Youwon'tpassyourexamsyouworkharder.A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.after4.HemetmanyproblemshewasgoingoverhislessonsA.beforeB.assoonasC.sinceD.while5.Hurryup,Jack.Wehavetogettothestationbefore11:45wecancatchthe12:00train.A.sinceB.afterC.assoonasD.sothat5.1triedtocallyouIheardfromhim,butyouwerenotin.A.sinceB.whileC.untilD.assoonas7.1waslateforclassyesterdaytherewassomethingwrongwithmybike.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.because8.theyarebrothers,theydon*tlooklikeeachotheratall.A.BecauseB.ThoughC.WhenD.As9.■--thisdresswaslastyear'sstyle.■一Ithinkitstilllooksperfectithasgoneoutthisyear.A.sothatB.eventhoughC.asifD.eversince10.Sheboughtadigitalcameraonlineshesavedalotofmoney.A.sothatB.assoonasC.nomatterD.suchthat11.YesterdayIwasjusttogooutsomeonetelephonedme.A.whenB.whileC.asD.that12、Agoodfriendalwaysgivesyouahelpinghandyou'reintrouble.(06)A.whenB.beforeC.untilD.though13、SomepassengerswerewalkingthroughoneofthebighallsatParis'CharlesDeGaulleAirportthewhole3必屋顶)felldown.(04)A.whileB.assoonasC.whenD.after14、Youwillbeabletogetgoodmarks.(03)A.whileyouaredoingyourhomeworkbyyourselfB.ifyoudosomerevisioneverydayC.beforeyoubegintostudyhardD.untilyoufollowyourteacher'sadvice15>Bobspendsalotofmoneyonbooksheisnotrich.(02)A.ifB.thoughC.whenD.because

6116>Weshouldleaveearlytomorrowmorning,wewon'tgetthereontime.(08)A)soB)orC)butD)and17、Billwon'tmakeanyprogresshestudiesharderthanbefore.(08)A)ifB)whenC)becauseD)unless18、Johnfailedtoclimbtothetopofthemountainseveraltimes,hedidn'tgiveup.(09)A)AlthoughB)BecauseC)WhetherD)Unless19^KeepanEnglishdiary,yourEnglishwillimprove.(09)A)orB)sinceC)whenD)and20>Wewillhavenowatertodrinkwedon'tprotecttheearth.A)untilB)beforeC)thoughD)if动词一、动词的分类：根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词(行为动词)、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。(-).实义动词有完整的词义，能单独做谓语.根据用法，可分为及物动词(vt.后面宜接跟名词或代词作宾语)和不及物动词(vi不能宜接跟名词或代词，加宾语时必须加介词)。同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：Shecandanceandsing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动诃。)但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词，如：visit,ask,win,tell,answer,feel,serve,marry,discuss,beat,reach,kill,drop等.而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词：reply(to),return(to),point(to,at),knock(at,on,into),wait(for),listen(to),arrive(at,to),fall(down,off),look(at,after...)(二).连系动词(LinkVerb)它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。二、根据系动词的意义，我们把英语系动词分为四类：A.五大感官系动词B.状态系动词C.动态系动词D.双谓语系动词A.五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。1.look”看起来像是“，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。Thegirlbitherlipsandlookedthoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。2.smell"闻起来”，后接adj.分词。Theflowerssmellsweet.这些花气味真香。3.sound"听起来”，后接2句.\分词。Themusicsoundssweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。4.taste"尝起来"，后接adj.\分词。Theapplestasteverygood.这些苹果很好吃。5.Feel①“摸起来，给感觉”；②“觉得"，后接adj./p.p.Youwillfeelbetterafteranight'ssleep.睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。B.状态系动词：1.be,“是“，屈完全系动词。Iama$ludent.我是一个学生。

621.seem,“似乎，好像“，完全系动词。Theyseemquitehappy,他们似乎很快乐。2.appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。Itappeared（tobe）atruestory.看来这是一个真实的故事。3.keep,“保持……的状态"，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。You'dbettergotobedandkeepwarm.你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。4.remain,“仍是”，半系动词。Iremainedsilent.我仍然缄默。5.stay”保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。Thewindowstayedopenallthenight.6.prove“证明是"，半系动词，后接adj.Xn.Thetreatmentprovedtobesuccessful.这种疗法证明是成功的。C动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。1.get”变成，变得……起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.白天变得越来越长了。2.fall”进入（某种状态），成为“，后常接以下形容词：asleep,lame,silent,ill,sick,flat.Myfatherfellillanddied.我的父亲生病死了。3.grow”渐渐变得……起来，长得”Ifsgrowingwarm.天气渐渐暖和起来了。4.turn”转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）Mapletreesturnredinautumn.枫叶在秋天变红了。5.go,“变成（某种坏的状态）"go之后常接的adj.还有：bad,blind,wild,wrong,sour,hard,hungry,mad,red,with,anger,white,pale,blue,grey.Thetelephonehasgonedead.电话不通了。6.become”变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”Ibecameinterestedindrawing.我开始对素描感兴趣了。Hebecameangrywithme.他对我生气了。7.become,“变成为（已知的状态），证实为“，后常接形容词或前缀un.的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。Hiswishtobecomeapilothascometrue.他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。Ifyoulookintothematter,everythingwillcomeclear.如果你调查一下这事，一切都会清楚。后面常接的形容词还有：apart,dear（昂贵），natural,open,short,right（$fT）,unstuck（没有粘住），untied（松开）。8.run,“变成"，后接adj.Thepriceranhigh.价格上升了。9.make,“达到某种状态［后接形容词］,如sure,certain,merry,bold,freeWemustmakecertainoffacts.我们一定要弄清事实。D.双谓语系动词此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如：Therunrosered.太阳升起红艳艳。Shestoppedandstoodquiteslill.她停下来然后一丝不动地站着。Thesnowlaythickontheground.雪厚厚地堆积在地上。Hemarriedyoung.他结婚很早。LeiFengdiedyoung.宙锋早-逝。

63Hecontinuedsilent.他继续沉默不语。IV.系动词与高考及其练习1.系动词出现于单项选择题中①Thestorysounds(MET89)A.IdbetrueB.astrueC.beingtrueD.true(2)Thoseorangestaste

64A.doesn'tfeelB.isn'tfeltC.isn'tfeelingD.doesn'ttouch⑦Howhappyitformetobehomeagainaftertwentyyearsabroad!A.givesB.feelsC.isfeltD.isgiven⑧Johndriversincebvomonthsago.A.becameaB.hasbecomeaC.hasturnedD.hasbeena⑨Hehefeltveiyoverthedeathoftheboy.A.seemedthat,sadB.seemedasif,sadlyC.lookedasthough,sadD.lookedthat,sadness@TheicethickontheriverA.islainB.layC.laidD.lie只能与主要动词一起构成谓语态等语法特征。(三).助动词：本身没有词义，不能单独作句子的谓语,语.主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、常见的助动词有：1)beamisarewaswerebeenbeing2)hashavehadhaving3)dodoesdidshallwillwouldshouldhave的基本用法：should/wouldhavedonehavebeendoingshould/wouldhave□have作助动词，构成完成时态和完成进行时态havedonehaddoneshall/willhavedonehave/hasbeendoinghadbeendoingshall/willbeendoing2)have作及物动词的用法1表示所属关系“有”Shehasahappychildhood.2和许多名词连用表示动作haveachat(with)和聊天havearest休息一会儿haveawash洗一■洗havealongwalk长时间散步havealookat瞧haveaquarrel(with)和吵了一架3表示“吃”“喝”“患有”Theyarehavingfishforsuper.Ihaveaheadache.3)构成某些句型1have4-N./Pron+(to)do让某人做某事2have+N./Pron+p.p让别人做某事或遭遇某事Sheishavinghereyestested.3have+N./Pron+v-ing让某人做某事/让某事发生Hetriedtohavehertalking,butnouse.(四)・情态动词：掌握情态动词的定义：表示可能、怀疑、允诺、愿望、义务、必要、猜测等的动词是情态动词。主要的情态动词有：cancouldmaymightwillwouldmustshallshouldought

65beabletohavetotodareneedusedtohadbetter2.掌握情态动词的语法特征1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2）情态动词除ought和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。一can和Could1）表能力1意为“能够”“会”体力脑力方面的能力Icouldrunfasterthen.2表能力时可以与beableto互换。但后者可与表示将来或完成的词联用，前者不能。Shehasnotbeenabletocomeschoolforthreedays.3was/wereableto=managedtodosth.=succeededindoingsth.设法干成某事Heissuchagoodswimmerthathewasabletosavethetwoboysfromdrowningtheotherdays,could具备某种能力2）表可能性Anybodycanmakemistakes.3）表许可Can/CouldIgonow?4）表示委婉的提出请求could更委婉不是时态的区别Couldyoutellmethetime?5）表惊讶怀疑不相信等态度常用于否定，疑问句中Whatcanitpossiblebe?这究竟是什么呢？Couldthisbetrue?这可能是真的吗？二may和might1）表示许可或征求对方意见MayIwatchTVaftersuper?否定时用mustn't2）表没有把握的推测，可能性。有许可可能之意。might更委婉Theymighthavealotofworktodo.3）用于表目的或让步状语从句中ShewasstudyingEnglishsothatshemightreadEnglishbooks.4）may放在句首，表示祝愿。Mayyousucceed!注意：might表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may小。成语：may/mightaswell,后面接不带to的不定式，意为“不妨”。Ifthatisthecase,wemayaswelltry.典型例题

66Petercomewithustonight,butheisn'tverysureyet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。三must1必须应该肯定句用must；否定句用neednot/don'thaveto。而mustn't有禁止不准之意。2must表示推测must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。表推测时否定用cannotmust表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must后面通常接系动词be的原形或行为动词的进行式。Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）Hemustbeworkinginhisoffice.他•定在办公室工作呢。比较：Hemustbestayingthere.他现在肯定呆在那里。Hemuststaythere.他必须呆在那。must表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must要接完成式。Ididn'thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.3表必然性Allmanmustdie.四oughtto1应该应当相当于should但比should语气重Suchthingsoughtnottobedown.2表可能性Maryoughttobehomebynow.五usedto只有一般过去式这一种存在形式表示过去习惯发生的动作现在已经不再发生Peopleusedtothinkthattheearthwasflat.六dare1常用于否定句疑问句“敢”Dareyougotoschoolbyyourself?2句中含有否定或疑问意义时用肯定Ihardlydarethinkofit.我简直不敢想这件事。HeaskedmewhetherIdareswimacrosstheriver.七need必须必要疑问否定中Youneedn'tworryaboutit.八shall1用在疑问句中，用来征求对方意见，请求指示或向对方提出建议，用于第一三人称。Shallwestartthemeetingnow?2用于第二三人称表示说话者的一种决定允许威胁。

67Ifyouworkhard,youshallhaveaholidayonSunday.允许Sheshalldoit,whethershewantsornot.决定Heshallsufferforthis.Heshallpayyouwhatheowesyou.九should1劝告建议可与oughtto互换Youshouldkeepyourpromise.2表示委婉陈述自己的意见Ishouldthinkyouareright.我想你是对的。3表惊异忧虑惋惜欢欣不满等情绪。Whyshouldyouthinkso?Il'sstrangethatitshouldbesohottoday.It'swonderfulthatyoushouldhaveachievedsomuchinthesedays.4表推测。表示对现在将来情况的推测“可能会”Heshouldbehereatanymoment.十will1表意志意愿Iwilltellyouallaboutit.Comewheneveryouwill.2用于第二三人称的疑问句中表询问请求Willyoucomewithme?3用于第二三人称表推测Themanwiththebookwillbemyteacher.拿书的那个人可能是我的老师。YouwillrememberthestoryItoldyoutheotherday.你大概4有时表示•种习惯性动作，常用于第三人称。Fishwilldieoutofwater.Shewillsitthereforhoursdoingnothing.H—,would1表过去的意愿Theysaidtheywouldhelpus.2表询问请求Wouldyoulikesomeapples?IwouldliketoWouldn'titbebettertoleavetomorrow?3表示过去习惯发生的动作区别usedtoWhenhewasthere,hewouldgotothatcoffeeshopafterworkeveryday.4表推测Thatwouldbehisfather.十二hadbetter/bestwouldratherdothendowouldratherthatWe'dbetternotinvitehim.Hadhebettersetoffatonce?他马上动身好吗？Hewouldratherdiethansurrender.Iwouldratheryouhadn'tlenthimthebiketheotherday.重难点解析怎样选用can和may

68情态动词can和may都能表示“可能性”。如:Hemayberight.他可能对。Hecan'tberight.他不可能对。那么，在表示可能性这个概念时，二者的区别是什么呢？二者所适用的句子类型不同。一般说来，can多用于疑问句和否定句，表示怀疑或不相信等态度；而may则多用于陈述句(肯定)，表示一种揣测。如：Canitbetrue?No,itcannotbetrue.Wherecantheybenow?Iheartheremaybeafewcopiesleft.Whathesaidmaynotberight.二者所强调的意思不同。一般来说，can强调客观上的可能性，而may则强调主观上的推测或判断。如：Mancannotlivewithoutairorwater.Shemaybeinthelibrary,1suppose.Shemaynotbetheretoday.二者表示的语气不同。在否定句中，can表达的否定语气较强，意为“不可能"；而may表达的否定语气较弱，意为“可能不”或“也许不”。如：Thatcannotbetrue.(=Itisimpossiblethatthatistrue.)Thatmaynotbetrue.(=Itispossiblethatthatisnottrue.)根据以上分析，我们可以归纳为三条原则：(1)在肯定句中用may不用can;(2)在疑问句中用can不用may;(3)在否定句中，若语气肯定，表示"不可能"时用cannot,若语气不肯定，表示“可能不”时用maynot.比较can和beabletocan/could表示能力；可能(过去时用could),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。beableto可以用于各种时态.Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.他很快就能告诉你消息了只用beabletoa.位于助动词后。b.情态动词后。c.表示过去某时刻动作时。d.用于句首表示条件。e.表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/wereableto,不能用could。HewasabletofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.=HemanagedtofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.注意：could不表示时态D提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。・一CouldIhavethetelevisionon?■一Yes,youcan./No,youcan't.2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。他不大可能是坏人。Hecouldn'tbeabadman.

69比较haveto和must两词都是，必须'的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要.Mybrotherwasveryill,so1hadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）haveto有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.在否定结构中：don4thaveto表示"不必”mustn't表示“禁止”,Youdon'thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告诉他。Youmusin'tellhimaboutit.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。情态动词练习一、考查can的用法a.考查can表示能力的用法。在这一用法中,can表示能力,意思是“能，会，其否定式canl表示“不能“。在过去时中用could和couldn't。例如：1.-Where*sMr.Lee?Ihavesomethingunusualtotellhim.-Youfindhim.HeJapan.A.maynot;hasgonetoB.maynot;hasbeentoC.can't;hasgonetoD.can't;hasbeento2.-Finishdrawingahorseintenminutes.OK?-Sorry.ItinsuchashorttimeA.maydoB.can'tbedoneC.mustdoD.needn'tbedone1.1havemyownroominmyhouse,soIdowhatIwantinit.A.mustB.havetoC.needtoD.can4.youmendmycar?Inotstartit.A.Would;wouldB.Must;mustC.Can;canD.May;may5.sheridewhenshewasthreeyearsold?A.CanB.CouldC.NeedD.May6.Theboyanswerthiskindofhardquestionsoneyearago.A.canB.mayC.couldb.考查can表示推测的用法。在这一用法中,can意为"可能”，表示客观可能性，常常用于疑问句和否定句中。例如:7.Whoisthemanoverthere?IsitMr.Li?-No,itbehim.Mr.Liismuchtaller.A.mustn'tB.maynotC.can'tD.needn't8.-Listen!Someoneissinginginthenextroom.Whoitbe?IsitWeiFang?-No.Itbeher.Sheisatschoolnow.A.will;maynotB.must;mustn'tC.may;can'tD.may;won't

704.-IsMr.Huinthereadingroom?-No,hebethere.HehasgonetoTianjin.A.mustn'tB.needn'tC.won'tD.can't5.Class3wonthefootballmatch!itbetrue?A.MayB.MustC.WillD.Canc.考查can/could表示请求许可的用法在这一用法中,can和could都表示现在，用could比用can语气更加委婉客气，常用CouldI/you...?句式，表示“我/你能吗?”若表示同意要用can,不用could?例如：6..-CouldIlookatyourpictures?-Yes,ofcourseyou.A.couldB.canC.willD.might7.youpassmeapen?I'dliketowritedownthetelephonenumber.A.NeedB.CouldC.MustD.Should二、考查must的用法a.考查must表示义务的用法。在这一用法中,must意为"必须"，"应该"，表示必须要做的事，其否定式mustn't表示禁止，即不许对方做某事。例如：8.-MayIgotothecinema,Mum?-Certainly.Butyoubebackby11o*clock.A.canB.mayC.mustD.need9.-SARSissuchaterribledisease.-Yes,itis.Webemorecareful.A.canB.mayC.mustD.need10.Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbishintotheriver.A.needn'tbethrownB.mustn'tbethrownC.can'tthrowD.maynotthrow11.Thesebooksoutofthereadingroom.Youhavetoreadthemhere.A.can'ttakeB.mustbetakenC.cantakeD.mustn'tbetaken12.Cars,busesandbikesstopwhentrafficlightschangetored.A.canB.mayC.mustD.need13.-Canyougoswimmingwithusthisafternoon?-Sorry,Ican't.Itakecareofmylittlesisterathomebecausemymotherisill.A.canB.mayC.wouldD.haveto14.-MustIfinishtheworkbeforefiveo'clock?-No,you.A.needn'tB.mustn'tC.haveto15.-Icomebackbeforefiveo'clock?-No,you.Butyoubebacklaterthanseveno'clock.A.Need;must;mustn'tB.May;mustn't;can'tC.Can;can't;can'tD.Must;needn't;can't16.-MustIcleantheroomrightnow?

71-No,you.Youcleanitafterlunch.A.needn*t;canB.needn*t;mayC.mustn't;canD.mustn't;mayb.考查must表示推测的用法。在这一用法中,must意为"一定","肯定"，表示可能性很大，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can't,表示"不可能"。例如：4.Susan'sparentshaveboughtalargehousewithaswimmingpool.Itbeveryexpensive.A.mustB.canC.mustn'tD.can't5.ThisbookLucy's.Look!Hernameisonthebookcover.A.mustbeB.maybeC.can'tbeD.mustn'tbe三、考查may的用法a.考查may表示请求许可的用法在这一用法中,may表示许可或征询对方许可，表示“可以”的意思，常常与第一人称I连用,构成MayI...句式，表示“我可以吗?”肯定回答用Yes,youmay.;Yes,please.等;否定回答用No,youcant或No,youmustnt,不用No,youmaynot.例如：25.-Ihaveyourname,please?-Yes,Michael.M-I-C-H-A-E-L.A.MustB.WillC.MayD.Need26.-MayIgotothecinema,dad?-No,you.Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.A.mustn'tB.won'tC.don'tD.needn't27.-MayIsmokehere?-,you.Itcanbedangerous.A.Yes;canB.No;can*tC.Yes;mayD.No,needn'tb.测试may表示可能性的用法。在这一用法中,may表示可能性,意思是"也许","可能"，通常用于肯定句中。例如：28.YougoandaskMeimei.Sheknowtheanswer.A.must;canB.must;mayC.need;canD.can;may29.Lookout!Theknifeisverysharp.Youcutyourfinger.A.needB.mustC.shouldD.may情态动词综合练习1.—How'syourtouraroundtheNorthLake?Isitbeautiful?-Itbe,butitisnowheavilypolluted.A.willB.wouldC.shouldD.must2.—Guesswhat!IhavegotAformytermpaper.—Great!Youreadwidelyandputalotofworkintoit.A.mustB.shouldC.musthaveD.shouldhave3.TheteacherhavethoughtJohnsonwasworthitorshewouldn'thavewastedtimeonhim,Isuppose.

72A.shouldB.canC.wouldD.must1.Incrowdedplaceslikeairportsandrailwaystations,youtakecareofyourluggage.A.canB.mayC.mustD.will2.MyMP4playerisn'linmybag.WhereIhaveputit?A.canB.mustC.shouldD.would3.Thebiggestproblemformostplants,whichjustgetupandrunawaywhenthreatened,isthatanimalsliketoeatthem.A.shan'tB.can'tC.needn'tD.mustn't4.—Shelooksveryhappy.Shehavepassedtheexam.—Iguessso.It'snotdifficultafterall.A.shouldB.couldC.mustD.might5.—Whereismydictionary?IrememberIputithereyesterday.—Youitinthewrongplace.A.mustputB.shouldhaveputC.mightputD.mighthaveput6.—TurnofftheTV,Jack..yourhomeworknow?一Mum,justtenmoreminutes,please.A.ShouldyoubedoingB.Shouldn*tyoubedoingC.Couldn'tyoubedoingD.Willyoubedoing7.Itoldyourfriendhowtogettothehotel,butperhapsIhavedrivenherthere.A.couldB.mustC.mightD.should8.Thebosshasgiveneveryoneaspecialholiday,sowegotoworktomorrow.A.can*tB.musin'tC.needn*tD.shouldn*t9.——Whatdoesthesignoverthereread?——"Nopersonsmokeorcarryalightedcigarette»cigarorpipeinthisarea.99A.willB.mayC.shallD.must10.—Mycat'sreallyfat.一Youhavegivenhersomuchfood.A.wouldn'tB.couldn'tC.shouldn'tD.mustn't11.—Whatdoyouthinkwecandoforouragedparents?-Youdoanythingexcepttobewiththemandbeyourself.A.don'thavetoB.oughtn'ttoC.mustn'tD.can't12.Lizawellnotwanttogoonthetrip-shehatestraveling.A.willB.canC.mustD.may13.WhenIwasyoung,IwastoldthatIplaywithmatchesA.wouldn'tB.needn'tC.mustn'tD.daren't14.Accordingtotheairtrafficrules,youswitchoffyourmobilephonebeforeboarding.A.mayB.canC.wouldD.should15.Shehaveleftschool,forherbikeisstillhere.A.can'tB.wouldn'tC.shouldn'tD.needn't16.---1can'tfindmypurseanywhere.■-Youhavelostitwhileshopping.A.mayB.canC.shouldD.would17.Peterbereallydifficultattimeseventhoughhe'sanicepersoningeneral.A.shallB.shouldC.canD.must18.Thankyouforallyourhardworklastweek.Idon'tthinkweitwithoutyou.A.canmanageB.couldhavemanagedC.couldmanageD.canhavemanaged

731.—I'msorry.Iatyoutheotherday.—Forgetit.Iwasabitoutofcontrolmyself.A.shouldn'tshoutB.shouldn'thaveshoutedC.mustn'tshoutD.mustn'thaveshouted2.Whatapity.Consideringhisabilityandexperience,hebetter.A.needhavedoneB.musthavedoneC.canhavedoneD.mighthavedone3.Youbehungryalready—youhadlunchonlytwohoursago!A.wouldn'tB.can'tC.mustn'tD.needn't4.Youdon'thavetoknowthenameoftheauthortofindabook.Youfindthebookbythetitle.A.mustB.needC.canD.would26-Whatsortofhousedoyouwanttohave?Somethingbig?—Well,itbebig—that'snotimportant.A.mustn'tB.needn'tC.can'tD.won't27.Althoughthissoundlikeasimpletask,greatcareisneeded.A.mustB.mayC.shallD.should28.ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butitberathercoldsometime.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.would29.Somepeoplewhodon'tliketotalkmucharenotnecessarilyshy；theyjustbequietpeople.A.mustB.mayC.shouldD.would30.OneofthefewthingsyousayaboutEnglishpeoplewithcertaintyisthattheytalkalotabouttheweather.A.needB.mustC.shouldD.can31.—It'stheoffice!Soyouknoweatingisnotallowedhere.一Oh,sorry.A.mustB.willC.mayD.need32.Whatdoyoumean,thereareonlytentickets?TherebetwelveA.shouldB.wouldC.willD.shall33.一Idon'tcarewhatpeoplethink.—Well,youA.couldB.wouldC.shouldD.might34.Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifitbreakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might35.—Hi,Tom.AnyideawhereJaneis?—Sheintheclassroom.Isawhertherejustnow.A.shallbeB.shouldhavebeenC.mustbeD.mighthavebeen