英语考研真题97-00年

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2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIStructureandVocabulary略SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges,,5hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening[D]draft[D]improper[D]peculiarity33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity36.[A]since37.[A]sided38.[A]present39.[A]Release40.[A]storm[B]if[C]beforefD]as[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed[B]offer[C]manifestfD]indicate[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure[8]rage[C]flare[D]flash41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan

143.[A]changes44.[A]binding45.[A]authorized[B]makes[C][B]convincing46.[A]with47.[A]impact48.[A]stated49.[A]what50.[A]assure[B]to[B]credited[C]from[B]incidentfB]remarkedsets[D]turns[C]restraining[D]sustaining[C]entitled[D]qualified[DIby[C]inference[D]issue[C]said[B]when[C]which|[B]confide[C]ensure[DItold[D]that[D]guaranteeSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecific

2societies,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.51.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas.[A]sociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.fA]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.[A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs54.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis.[A]thedevelopmentincommunicationfB]thegrowthofprofessionalisation[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocietiesText2Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess-afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe'veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn'ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn't

3havethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica'sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain'sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou'regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.55.Digitaldivideissomething.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday56.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit.[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld57.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital'scontrol[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure[D]acceptingforeigninvestment58.Itseemsthatnowacountry'seconomydependsmuchon.[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica'sindustrialpattern[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsText3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday'sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe"standardtemplates"ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,and

4they'relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn'trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.59.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject60.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe.[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial61.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook[D]educationalbackground62.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits.[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderText4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?"There'snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.

5IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer'sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld'swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing—witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan—butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won'tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition"onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase?59.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[Altotakeinmoreforeignfunds[B]toinvestmoreabroad[C]tocombineandbecomebigger[D]totradewithmorecountries60.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis[A]thegreatercustomerdemands[Blasurplussupplyforthemarket[C]agrowingproductivity[D]theincreaseoftheworld9swealth61.FromParagraph4wecaninferthat.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[BlWorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous[DItheStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition62.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe[DIbiased[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimisticText5WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting“hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall,"preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,

6intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof'jugglingyourlife,"andmakingthealternativemoveinto"downshifting"bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton"qualitytime".InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting—alsoknowninAmericaas"voluntarysimplicity"—has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline—afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80s—andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife—growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone—asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.59.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]"Alateralmove"meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.68.Thewriter'sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting.[A]enableshertorealizeherdreamfB]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus[DIleadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine69.“Jugglingone'slife"probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby.[Alnon-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism70.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man'sadventurousspirit[C]man'ssearchformythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituationSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

7Inlessthan30years'timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain'snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.(71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.(72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT'sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.(73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.6

82001年考研英语真题答案SectionII:ClozeText(10points)31.[D]32.[A]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[C]37.[D]38.[B]39.[B]40.[A]41.[Bl42.[C]43.[Bl44.[A]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[D]50.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[DI52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[C]56.[A]57.[D]58.[A]59.[Bl60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[C]64.[A]65.[D]66.[B]67.[B]68.[B]69.[C]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。72.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字体时代就来到了。73.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。74.但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第•步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发i种新的心理疾病ー厨房狂躁。SectionV:Writing(20points)76.参考范文Inthepicturepresentedtous,alamp,thesymboloflove,givesoutbrightflameagainstthedarkbackground.Thispicturetellsusthatloveisalamp;thedarkertheplaceis,thebrighterthelightlooks.Indeed,loveismostpreciouswhenitisofferedtosomeonewhoisindifficulty.Theharderone'slifeis,themorevaluableloveis.AgoodexampletoillustratethispointistheHopeProject.AlthoughChina'seconomyhasachievedgreatdevelopment,therearestillthousandsofchildrenwhoaretoopoortogotoschool.Thesechildrenaresobadlyinneedofhelpthatnothingismorevaluablethanlovingthemandhelpingthemtogobacktoschool.Numerouskind-heartedpeoplehavecontributedmoneytotheHopeProjectinorderthateverychildinsuchacasecanaffordtogotoschool.Morethanoncewearemovedbythosewhoarelendingtheirhandstochildren,showingtheirlovetowardsthechildren.Tome,loveismostpreciousforthoseinneed.Weshouldneverhesitatetolendahandtothoseindifficulty,whichistheresponsibilityeveryoneshouldshoulderto

9buildtheharmonioussociety.2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.41.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan42.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince43.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise46.[A]vessels[Blroutes[Clpaths[DIchannels47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained48.[Alsearch[B]save[C]offer[DIseek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio50.[Algenuine![Blobviously[Clpresumably[DIfrequentlySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.

10Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."'Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted/9accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment.<4ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”49.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause.[Alithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy52.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.[AlTVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket53.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.54.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.

11[A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass100,000years—eventhepass100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehensionJNodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.53.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmates.fB]Afiercecompetition.[C]Alowersurvivalrate.[D]Adefectivegene.54.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.fB]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.55.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing

1253.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhereText3Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight-itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays;foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver-andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:"Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.^^This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?54.Thispassageismainly.[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature55.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.[A]determineitspurposes[B]ignoreitsflaws[C]followthenewfashions[D]accepttheprinciples56.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.[Alincreasetheproductionofliterature[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress[C]developnewmodesofexpression[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs62.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople[C]indicativeofbasicchangeinhumannature[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.Butincreasinglythe

13Japaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon'tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan'srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.fc4Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores—personality,ability,courageorhumanity-arecompletelyignored,"saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty'seducationcommittee."Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild."LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents."ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.uInJapan,“sayseducatorYokoMuro,"it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure."Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan's119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.63.IntheWesterner'seyes,thepostwarJapanwas.[Alunderaimlessdevelopment[B]apositiveexample[C]arivaltotheWest[D]onthedecline64.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?[AlWomen'sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWestemvalues.65.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocial

14ladder.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[B]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.[C]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.66.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat.[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.[C]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeText5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition-ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped—withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs—thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.67.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrificesfB]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial[DIitissharedbytherichandthefamous

1566.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition67.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.[Altheythinkofitasimmoral[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible68.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.[A]secretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically[C]easilyandmomentarily[D]verballyandspirituallySectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.(71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.(72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.(73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove./Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,(74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso./Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.(75)Additionalsocialstressesmay

16alsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodemmeansoftransport./Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.SectionVWriting76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Describethepictures.2.Deducethepurposeofthedrawerinthepictures.3.Suggestcounter-measures.

17年考研英语真题答案SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[Cl42.[A]43.[Bl44.[A]45.[C]46.[DI47.[B]48.[D]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[Cl52.[D]53.[Bl54.[A]55.[C]56.[B]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[A]61.[C]62.[D]63.[B]64.[D]65.[C]66.[A]67.[A]68.[C]69.[D]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。72.再者,显而易见的是ー个国家的经济实カ与其エ农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。73.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想,由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。74.在先期实现エ业化的欧洲国家中,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革,持续了大约ー个世纪之久,而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压カ。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Thesetwopicturesdisplayasharpcontrast:therewerealotoffishwithonefishingboatintheseain1900whilethesituationwasjusttheoppositein1995.Obviously,thefishingindustrywasfacingamajorproblem,withalltheoceanresourcesbeingexhaustedsoquickly.Thedrawerisnotexaggeratingorjokingaboutcommercialfishing.Onthecontrary,heisseriouslywarningusthatourwayofthinkingandwaysofdoingthingsareunreasonableanddangerous.Ourresourcesarelimitedandourecosystemneedscarefulconsiderationandprotection.Ifweonlycareaboutthepresent,wewillsufferinthefuture.It'sjustlikebuildingfriendshipandsavingmoney:themoreyouputintoit,themoreyoucanget;themoreyoutakeout,thelessitisleft.Measuresshouldbetakenifsuchdisappointingsituationistobeavoided.Isuggestthatgovernmentmakelawsandregulationstoguideandsupervisepeople'sfishingactivity,punishingthosewhoonlycareabouttheirowninterestandbring

18harmtoothersandtheenvironment.Ialsoappealtothepublicthatmoneyisnottheonlythingwecanpursueandfishisnottheonlyfoodwecaneat.Whetherforthebenefitofthehumanraceorfortheinterestofourown,weshouldshowconcernforothersandmakeplansforthefuture.Onlyinthiswaycanwelivehappilyandaffluently.1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.41.[A]at[B]in[C]on[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement[D]unless[D]distinguish[C]observing[D]justifyingfD]Still44.[A]where[B]how[C]what45.[A]alterfB]differ[C]shift46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating47.fA]Some[B]Many[C]Even48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup49.[A]claimsfB]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[D]aprofitSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingon

19yourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight-surprise!-falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.^^Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary-thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute-agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,"saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.41.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.fD]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto.[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcern53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded[DIsomesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.[Albiased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling[D]objectiveText2

20InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,"sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness.[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat.[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategyfD]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners57.IntheviewofNetpurists,.[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat.

21[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommercefB]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago[DIsettingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents9careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone9sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake-attheverylongest-acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis[Alfar-reaching[Bldubiouslyoriented[C]seIf-contradictory[D]radicallyreformatory60.Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren.[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise

22[A]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputersfC]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocates[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections[C]oflittlepracticalvalue[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe.[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment—althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup-theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)—hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton's90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells-routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredan

23appealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill"upintheair."63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat.[Alfederalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel'srecommendationsoncloning64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat.[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause.[Alembryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[C]anembryo'slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'sappeal[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.I'veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid"thedataarestillinconclusive.”"Weknowthat,"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,"butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingeven

24beenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."65.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperimentsfB]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearchfD]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch68.Theauthorassertsthatscientists.[Alshouldn'treplace"scientificmethod"withimaginativethought[B]shouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction[B]oftenspeculateonthefuture[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking[D]stickto"scientificmethod"70.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagementSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)(71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast./Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.(72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothe

25validityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves/.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.(73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.(74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry./Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,''frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy.''Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75))Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques./SectionVWriting76)Directions:[A]Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:

261.effectofthecountrysgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife2.possiblereasonfortheeffect3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotectionTHEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTHTHEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH18001820IMOI860188019001920194019601900XEAB(SNOmMmdnadjomawoN1999年考研英语真题答案SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[D]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[B]46.[C]47.[D]48.[C]49.[A]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[B]52.[C]53.[A]54.[D]55.[A]56.[C]57.[D]58.[B]59.[B]60.[D]61.[Cl62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[A]67.[A]68.[B]69.[D]70.[A]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。72.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论,主要是因为史学界内部意见不ー,其次是因为外界并不认为历史是ー门学问。73.在这种转变中,历史学家研究历史时,那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。74.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段,人们对此意见不ー。75.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文ThetwographstellussomethingaboutpopulationgrowthandwildlifeextinctionintheU.S.From1800,theAmericanpopulationhasbeengrowingallthetime.Inthe100yearsfrom1600to1700,thenumberofwildlifespeciesremainedalmoststable,withthenext200yearswitnessingagrowingtrendinwildlifeextinction.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatthemorethehumanbeings,thefewertheanimalspecies.Theremaybeseveralreasonsforthiseffect.First,ashumanpopulationexpands,moreandmorewildanimalsarehuntedforfood.Second,duetoallkindsofpollutionandthedamageofecosystemcausedbyman,someanimalshavenowheretolive.Third,someanimalsareofgreatmedicalvalue,theybecomethetargetsformakingmoney.

27Itistimewetooksomemeasurestostopthisdisturbingtrend.Ononehand,governmentshouldpasssomelawsandregulationstopreventpeoplefromkillingmorewildanimalsandforbidfurtherdamagetoourenvironment.Ontheotherhand,weshouldcultivatetheawarenessthatanimalsareourfriendsandtheirextinctionposesathreatratherthanbringsbenefitstous.Onlywhenhumanbeingsliveinharmonywithallkindsofanimalscanwereallybuildabeautifulandhealthyworld.1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)①UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.②They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.③Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.®45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.①Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.©Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By46.[A]broadlyfB]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover48.[A]at(B]in[C]aboutfD]for49.[A]manifested[B]叩proved[C]shown[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeledfD]markedSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,

28sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn'thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey'sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon'tneedadamtobesaved.41.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat.[Alpeoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight42.InParagraph5,“thepowerless"probablyrefersto.[A]areasshortofelectricity[B]damswithoutpowerstations[C]poorcountriesaroundIndia[D]commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamarea53.Whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?[D]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.[B]Theyhelpdefendthecountry.[E]Theystrengtheninternationalties.[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.54.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.[F]"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk'9[B]"Morehaste,lessspeed"[C]"Lookbeforeyoule叩''[D]"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest"Text2Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.

29Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a"disjunction“betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace—allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing—areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO'sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish—“theworstsortofambulancechasing."55.Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis.[A]notasgoodasitseems[B]atitsturningpoint[C]muchbetterthanitseems[D]neartocompleterecovery56.Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth.[A]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle[B]fallshortofbusinessmen'santicipation[C]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople[D]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomy57.Theauthorraisesthequestion"whataboutpainwithoutgain?"because[A]hequestionsthetruthof"nogainwithoutpain"[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses58.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?[A]Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.fB]Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.[C]Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termprofitability.[D]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.

30Text3Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileofs17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake'sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science“inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason,"heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience'sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm'anti-science'canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,"notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science,"Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”58.Theword"schism"(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans[Alconfrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation[D]contempt60.Paragraphs2and3arewrittento.[A]discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience'spower[B]showtheauthor'ssympathywithscientists[C]explainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops[D]exemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanities61.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.[BlPoliticiansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.

31[A]The“moreenlightened"tendtotagothersasanti-science.[DITaggingenvironmentalistsas"anti-science"isjustifiable.62.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueof"sciencevs.anti-science"is.[Alimpartial[Blsubjective[C]biased[D]puzzlingText4Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment—anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation'sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople—numericallythethird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates—Florida,TexasandCalifornia—togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th—withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,droppingoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too—andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday's"babyboom"generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances一■Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate—37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.■Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople-about9persquaremile.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose-andstillarechoosing—somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s'growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.63.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980census

32provided,Americain1970s.[Alenjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory[B]witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation[C]underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth[D]broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII62.Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat.[A]itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistribution[B]ithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrants[C]itrevealstheAmericans'newpursuitofspaciousliving[D]itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday's44babyboom"63.Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat.[A]CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUS[B]thetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWest[C]citieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration[D]Arizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulation64.Theword"demographers"(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans[A]peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy[B]advocatesofmigrationbetweenstates[C]scientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation[D]conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflifeText5Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocesses

33thatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).62.Theauthorbelievesthat.[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth'sinteriorfB]thegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetrue[C]thehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart68.ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat.[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirectionsfB]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures[C]theAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyears[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe69.Thehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining.[A]thestructureoftheAfricanplatesfB]therevivalofdeadvolcanoes[C]themobilityofthecontinents[D]theformationofnewoceans70.Thepassageismainlyabout.[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivitiesfB]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudiesfD]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.(71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago./Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration'sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite—Cobe-haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythatthe考拉进阶英语ー1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试试题9universeoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).(72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos./Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,

34evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.(73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon./(74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory./Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.(75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.SectionVWritingDirections:[AlStudythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan150words.[BlYouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon.2.Giveyourcomments

35各行各业兴承诺J欢迎监督不推托亲原本皆为份内事M何须高唱“文明歌”如此承诺注:图片上的文字是:本母鸡承诺:①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮,蛋黄和蛋清1998年考研英语真题答案SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[Al42.[Bl43.[D]44.[A]45.[D]46.[D]47.[A]48.[B]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.[DI53.[D]54.[C]55.[A]56.[B]57.[B]58.[A]59.[C]60.[D]61.[A]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[C]67.[B]68.[B]69.[D]70.[C]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。72.巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。73.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器,正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。74.假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。75.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Recently,moreandmorepeoplehaveseenvarietiesofpromiseseitherfromTV,newspaperorfromothermedia.Asisshowninthecartoon,evenahenhaslearnedhowtopromise.Weallknowthathen'sdutyistolayeggswhichshouldundoubtedlyconsistofmostelementarypart.Butthehenpromiseswhatsheshoulddo!Withthedevelopmentofthesocietyandtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard,moreandmoreattentionshouldbepaidtotheimprovementofqualityofservice.Therefore,manyenterprisesanddepartmentspromisetobettertheirservicessoastomeetthepeople'sneedbetter.Theyarealsopleasedtoinvitepeopletosupervisewhattheyhavedoneandwilldo.Butmuchtooursurprise,someofthemjustsaysomethingthattheyshoulddo.Thesepromisesareonlylaughedatbypeople.Inmyopinion,doingmoreisbetterthanpromisingmore,becausepeoplearewilling

36tobeservedreally.Allweshouldlaymoreemphasisonwhatwedoandhowwecanvirtuallyimprovethelevelofservice.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakepeoplesatisfiedwithwhatwedo.1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This"45"workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip42.[A]For[B]Because[ClAs[D]Since43.[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by44.[AlEventhough[BlNowthat[C]Ifonly[DIProvidedthat45.[AJdurable[Bldisposable[C]available[D]transferable46.[A]approach[Blflow[C]fashion[D]trend47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally[D]sufficiently48.[A]but[Blwhile[C]and[DIwhereas49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[DIconfined50.[Alexcitement[Blconviction[Clenthusiasm[DIimportanceSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[Al,[Bl,[Cland[DI.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof

3715to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup9son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It9sworldhistory.99Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff"periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.Tmnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,"hesays.41.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountriesfB]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelawfD]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage42.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans.[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasiafB]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop53.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill.[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifferenceText2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalso

38frequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner—amazing.''SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate''culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,''theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.54.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,.[A]rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS[B]small-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment[C]Canadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighbors[D]mostAmericansarereadytoofferhelp55.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationshipfB]courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated[C]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriendsfD]socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventions57.Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers.[A]toimprovetheirhardlife[B]inviewoftheirlong-distancetravel

39[C]toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife[D]outofacharitableimpulse58.Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers.[A]tendstobesuperficialandartificialfB]isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStates[C]isalwaysunderstoodproperly[D]hassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrailsText3Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenusedinsteadof"drugabuse"tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning"mind-manifesting")becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstateofconsciousness.59."Substanceabuse"(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto"drugabuse"inthat[A]substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused[B]"drugabuse"isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers[C]alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine[D]manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous60.Theword“pervasive”(Line2,Paragraph2)mightmean.[A]widespread[B]overwhelming[C]piercing[D]fashionable61.Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom.[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftimefB]exclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes[C]quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases

40(D]carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptoms62.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.[Alstimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemind[A]hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealth[B]depressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstances[C]thethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroupsText4Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.44Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It'saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany'smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany'srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T'sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.k4Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,"hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,44liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon'tretreatinthefaceofanythreats/9Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting,Levinassertedthat44musicisnotthecauseofsociety'sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe""balancedstruggle"betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.t4Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,MsaysLuce."Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”63.SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWamerfor.[A]itsraisingofthecorporatestockprice[B]itsself-examinationofsoul[C]itsneglectofsocialresponsibility[D]itsemphasisoncreativefreedom64.Accordingto

41thepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[A]LuceisaspokesmanofTimeWamer.[B]GeraldLevinisliabletocompromise.[C]TimeWamerisunitedasoneinthefaceofthedebate.[DISteveRossisnolongeralive.65.Infaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman.[Alstucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpression[B]softenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicy[C]changedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjection[D]receivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberboard66.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.[A]ACompanyunderFire[B]ADebateonMoralDecline[D]ALawfulOutletofStreetCulture[D]AFormofCreativeFreedomText5Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes,Mmakesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America'scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment—theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.67.Fromthepassagewelearnthat.[A]thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates[B]economywillalwaysfollowcertainmodels[C]theeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected

42[A]economistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituation67.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[A]MakingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodrivingacarfB]Anextremelylowjoblessratewillleadtoinflation[C]Ahighunemploymentratewillresultfrominflation[D]Interestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomy68.Thesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan”(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat[A]thelowinflationratewilllastforsometime[B]theinflationratewillsoonrise[C]theinflationwilldisappearquickly[D]thereisnoinflationatpresent69.Thepassageshowsthattheauthoristhepresentsituation.[A]criticalof[B]puzzledby[C]disappointedat(D]amazedatSectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.(71)Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.(72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements./Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon'tlikethiscontract"?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.(73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall./Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.(74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice./Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical."Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocraw!一istoweighothers9interestsagainstone'sown.This

43inturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.(75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind'sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat./SectionVWriting76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan120words.fB]YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Interpretthefollowingpictures.2.Predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreasons.世界煨草总产・世界吸畑人口比例世界人口毋亿,其中，眸143.64亿/*II亿•%占か・19941996世界毎年吸烟损失1997年考研英语真题答案SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[D]44.[A]45.[B]46.[D]47.[C]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[DI52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[D]56.[Al57.[C]58.[B]59.[D]60.[A]61.[A]62.[B]63.[C]64.[D]65.[B]66.[A]67.[C]68.[B]69.[A]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。72.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。73.这种说法从ー开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身ー样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。74.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

4471.这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。SectionV:Writing(15points)72.参考范文TobaccoConsumptionFromtheabovesetofpictures,wecanseethattherewereatotalof14.364billionpoundsoftobaccoproducedin1994and14.2billionpoundsin1995.Becausetheamountoftobaccoproductionisfallingyearly,itcanbepredictedthatthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionwouldalsobefallingyearly.Therearemanyreasons.Firstly,smokingwastesmoney.Everyyeartherearetwohundredbilliondollars“burnt“inthecigarette"fire.'Secondly,smokingwouldhardlydopeopleanygoodanditcanevencausecancer.Everyyeartherearethreemillionpeople“buried“inthecigarette“tomb”.Althoughtobaccoconsumptionisfalling,therearetoomanypeoplewhosmoke.Thepopulationintheworldis5.8billion,butabouttwentypercentofthepopulation,thatistosay1.1billionpeople,smoke.Sothesituationisseriousandthemovementagainstsmokingisstilladifficulttask.