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1、eBookonPRACTICALANALOGDESIGNTECHNIQUESCHAPTERISingle−SupplyAmplifiersCHAPTERIIHigh−SpeedOPAmpsCHAPTERIIIHighResolutionSignalConditioningADCsCHAPTERIVHighSpeedSamplingADCsCHAPTERVUndersamplingApplicationsCHAPTERVIMultichannelApplicationsCHAPTERVIIOvervoltageEffectsonAn
2、alogICsCHAPTERVIIIDistortionMeasurementsCHAPTERIXHardwareDesignTechniquesSECTION1SINGLE-SUPPLYAMPLIFIERSRail-to-RailInputStagesRail-to-RailOutputStagesSingle-SupplyInstrumentationAmplifiers1SECTION1SINGLE-SUPPLYAMPLIFIERSAdolfoGarciaOverthelastseveralyears,single-supp
3、lyoperationhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantrequirementassystemsgetsmaller,cheaper,andmoreportable.Portablesystemsrelyonbatteries,andtotalcircuitpowerconsumptionisanimportantandoftendominantdesignissue,andinsomeinstances,moreimportantthancost.Thismakeslow-voltage/lowsu
4、pplycurrentoperationcritical;atthesametime,however,accuracyandprecisionrequirementshaveforcedICmanufacturerstomeetthechallengeof“doingmorewithless”intheiramplifierdesigns.SINGLE-SUPPLYAMPLIFIERSSingleSupplyOffers:LowerPowerBatteryOperatedPortableEquipmentSimplifiesPow
5、erSupplyRequirementsButWatchOutfor:Signal-swingslimited,thereforemoresensitivetoerrorscausedbyoffsetvoltage,biascurrent,finiteopen-loopgain,noise,etc.MorelikelytohavenoisypowersupplybecauseofsharingwithdigitalcircuitsDCcoupled,multi-stagesingle-supplycircuitscangetver
6、ytricky!Rail-to-railopampsneededtomaximizesignalswingsInasingle-supplyapplication,themostimmediateeffectontheperformanceofanamplifieristhereducedinputandoutputsignalrange.Asaresultoftheselowerinputandoutputsignalexcursions,amplifiercircuitsbecomemoresensitivetointerna
7、landexternalerrorsources.Precisionamplifieroffsetvoltagesontheorderof0.1mVarelessthana0.04LSBerrorsourceina12-bit,10Vfull-scalesystem.Inasingle-supplysystem,however,a"rail-to-rail"precisionamplifierwithanoffsetvoltageof1mVrepresentsa0.8LSBerrorina5VFSsystem,and1.6LSBe
8、rrorina2.5VFSsystem.Furthermore,amplifierbiascurrents,nowflowinginlargersourceresistancestokeepcurrentdrainfromthebatterylow
