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1、Chapter16HeterogeneousAgents,SocialInteractions,andCausalInferenceGuangleiHongandStephenW.RaudenbushAbstractMostcausalanalysesinthesocialsciencesdependontheassumptionthateachparticipantpossessesasinglepotentialoutcomeundereachpossibletreatmentassignment.Rubin(JAmStatAssoc81:961Ð9
2、62,1986)labeledthistheÒstableunittreatmentvalueassumptionÓ(SUTVA).UnderSUTVA,theindividual-speciÞcimpactofatreatmentdependsneitheronthemechanismbywhichthetreatmentisassignednoronthetreatmentassignmentsofotherindividuals.However,inthesocialworld,heterogeneousagentsenactmostinterve
3、ntionsofinterest:Teachersimplementcurricula,psychologistsenactfamilytherapy,andprecinctcaptainssupervisecommunitypolicing.Moreover,thepotentialoutcomesofoneparticipantwilloftendependonthetreatmentassignmentofotherparticipants(classmates,familymembers,neighbors).Thischapterpresent
4、samodelthatrelaxestheconventionalSUTVAbyincorporatingagentsandsocialinteractions.WedeÞneatreatmentsettingforanindividualparticipantasalocalenvironmentconstitutedbyasetofagentsandparticipantsalongwiththeirtreatmentassignments.Ourmodelassignsasinglepotentialoutcometoeachparticipant
5、ineachofsuchtreatmentsettings.Inacluster-randomizedtrial,ifnointerferenceexistsbetweenclustersandifclustercompositionremainsintact,thetreatmentsettingisÞxedforallparticipantsinaclusterandSUTVAbecomesreasonable.However,whenparticipantsareassignedtotreatmentswithinclusters,weneedam
6、odelforwithin-clusterinterferenceamongparticipants.Whenclustersarespatiallycontiguous,socialinteractionsgenerateinterferencebetweenclusters.Wealsoincorporatenewmodelsforinterferenceasapartofthemeditationmechanism.Ingeneral,whenSUTVAisrelaxed,newcausalquestionscometolight.Weillust
7、ratetheseideasusingstudiesofgraderetentioninelementaryschool,communitypolicingincities,school-wideinterventionsforbehavioralimprovement,andsystem-widecurricularchangesforpromotingmathlearning.IntroductionInthischapter,wefocusontwopervasivefeaturesofsocialinterventionsdesignedtoin
8、creasehumanhealth,skills,orproductivity.
