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1、TEST52016年10月29日READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions7-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassagebelow.AntsCouldTeachAntsTheantsaretinyandusuallynestbetweenrocksinthesouthcoastofEngland.TransformedintoresearchsubjectsattheUniversityofBristol,theyra
2、cedalongatabletopforagingforfood-andthen,remarkably,returnedtoguideothers.Timeandagain,followerstrailedbehindleaders,dartingthiswayandthatalongtheroute,presumablytomemoriselandmarks.Onceafollowergotitsbearings,ittappedtheleaderwithitsantennae,promptingthe
3、lessontoliterallyproceedtothenextstep.Theantswereonlylookingforfood,buttheresearcherssaidthecarefulwaytheleadersledfollowers-therebyturningthemintoleadersintheirownright-markedtheTemnothoraxalbipennisantastheveryfirstexampleofanon-humananimalexhibitingtea
4、chingbehaviour."Tandemrunningisanexampleofteaching,toourknowledgethefirstinanon-humananimal,thatinvolvesbidirectionalfeedbackbetweenteacherandpupil,"remarksNigelFranks,professorofanimalbehaviourandecology,whosepaperontheanteducatorswaspublishedlastweekint
5、hejournalNature.Nosoonerwasthepaperpublished,ofcourse,thananothereducatorquestionedit.MarcHauser,apsychologistandbiologistandoneofthescientistswhocameupwiththedefinitionofteaching,saiditwasunclearwhethertheantshadlearnedanewskillormerelyacquirednewinforma
6、tion.Later,Frankstookafurtherstudyandfoundthattherewereevenracesbetweenleaders.Withtheguidanceofleaders,antscouldfindfoodfaster.Butthehelpcomesatacostfortheleader,whonormallywouldhavereachedthefoodaboutfourtimesfasterifnothamperedbyafollower.Thismeanstheh
7、ypothesisthattheleadersdeliberatelysloweddowninordertopasstheskillsontothefollowersseemspotentiallyvalid.Hisideaswereadvocatedbythestudentswhocarriedoutthevideoprojectwithhim.Opposingviewsstillarose.however.Hausernotedthatmerecommunicationofinformationisc
8、ommonplaceintheanimalworld.Consideraspecies,forexample,thatusesalarmcallstowarnfellowmembersaboutthepresenceofapredator.Soundingthealarmcanbecostly,becausetheanimalmaydrawtheattentionofthepredatortoitself:Butitallow