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1、AlbertEinsteinAlbertEinsteinwasbornatUlm,inWürttemberg,Germany,onMarch14,1879.SixweekslaterthefamilymovedtoMunichandhebeganhisschoolingthereattheLuitpoldGymnasium.Later,theymovedtoItalyandAlbertcontinuedhiseducationatAarau,Switzerlandandin1896heenteredtheSwissF
2、ederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurichtobetrainedasateacherinphysicsandmathematics.In1901,theyearhegainedhisdiploma,heacquiredSwisscitizenshipand,ashewasunabletofindateachingpost,heacceptedapositionastechnicalassistantintheSwissPatentOffice.In1905heobtainedhisdoctor's
3、degree.DuringhisstayatthePatentOffice,andinhissparetime,heproducedmuchofhisremarkableworkandin1908hewasappointedPrivatdozentinBerne.In1909hebecameProfessorExtraordinaryatZurich,in1911ProfessorofTheoreticalPhysicsatPrague,returningtoZurichinthefollowingyeartofil
4、lasimilarpost.In1914hewasappointedDirectoroftheKaiserWilhelmPhysicalInstituteandProfessorintheUniversityofBerlin.HebecameaGermancitizenin1914andremainedinBerlinuntil1933whenherenouncedhiscitizenshipforpoliticalreasonsandemigratedtoAmericatotakethepositionofProf
5、essorofTheoreticalPhysicsatPrinceton*.HebecameaUnitedStatescitizenin1940andretiredfromhispostin1945.AfterWorldWarII,EinsteinwasaleadingfigureintheWorldGovernmentMovement,hewasofferedthePresidencyoftheStateofIsrael,whichhedeclined,andhecollaboratedwithDr.ChaimWe
6、izmanninestablishingtheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem.Einsteinalwaysappearedtohaveaclearviewoftheproblemsofphysicsandthedeterminationtosolvethem.Hehadastrategyofhisownandwasabletovisualizethemainstagesonthewaytohisgoal.Heregardedhismajorachievementsasmerestepping-
7、stonesforthenextadvance.Atthestartofhisscientificwork,EinsteinrealizedtheinadequaciesofNewtonianmechanicsandhisspecialtheoryofrelativitystemmedfromanattempttoreconcilethelawsofmechanicswiththelawsoftheelectromagneticfield.Hedealtwithclassicalproblemsofstatistic
8、almechanicsandproblemsinwhichtheyweremergedwithquantumtheory:thisledtoanexplanationoftheBrownianmovementofmolecules.Heinvestigatedthethermalpropertiesoflightwithalowradiatio
