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1、·抗旱减灾专题特别关注2013.8中国水利编者按:我国水旱灾害频发多发重发,防汛抗旱任务一直十分艰巨。西南地区近年来的连年干旱是我国干旱问题的典型缩影。如何科学应对干旱,不仅需要对干旱问题有系统全面的认识,还要转变思路,加快建立抗旱减灾工作长效机制。本期特别约请相关专家,从我国的干旱现状分析、成因探讨、干旱灾害管理思路、国际上旱灾风险管理的成功探索、对我国建立长效管理机制的建议等进行论述,以期对读者有所裨益。我国干旱问题及干旱灾害管理思路转变吕娟(中国水利水电科学研究院,100038,北京)摘要:三级阶梯地貌和季风气
2、候决定了干旱在我国长期存在。从古至今,干旱灾害一直是我国的心腹之患,曾为我国带来过无数次深重的灾难,并且引发过社会动荡和朝代更迭。新中国成立后,党和政府大力加强水利工程建设,60多年来虽然因旱导致人口死亡的现象不再发生,但干旱依然对我国粮食生产构成严重威胁,同时城市干旱缺水和水生态退化现象也日益突显。2000年大旱后,我国开始重新审视过去干旱灾害管理中存在的问题,从2003年起,干旱灾害管理开始由过去单一的农业抗旱和被动抗旱向全面抗旱和主动抗旱转变。10年来,我国的干旱灾害管理取得了显著的效果,农业成灾、城市缺水、因
3、旱农村饮水困难和生态退化等都得到了有效控制。未来,我国的干旱灾害管理应向完善措施体系、增强科学化水平、实现减灾社会化、增强公众意识、做好大灾防备等干旱灾害的风险管理转变。关键词:干旱;演变特点;时空分布特征;灾害管理;思路转变DroughtissuesinChinaandnewideasindroughtmanagement//LvJuanAbstract:Becauseofspecialgeomorphologyandmonsoonclimate,droughtwillpersistinChinaforalongt
4、ime.Sinceancienttimes,frequentdroughtdisastershavebroughtaboutinnumerableseveresocialandeconomicalimpacts,evensocialturbulences.SincethefoundingofNewChina,Chinesegovernmenthasmadeagreatefforttostrengthenthehydraulicengineeringconstruction.Althoughnoreporteddeat
5、hscausedbydroughtdisasterhaveoccurredagainsincethen,droughtstillposegravethreatstofoodproduction,watersecurityandecologicalhealth.Aftertheseveredroughtoccurredin2000,ourgovernmentbegantore-examinetheproblemsexistinginthedroughtmanagement.Moreover,ourgovernmenth
6、asmadeastrategicshiftindroughtmanagementsince2003,fromsingledroughtmanagementinagriculturetocomprehensivedroughtmanagement,andfromreactivetoproactivedroughtmanagement.Intherecenttenyears,droughtmanagementinChinahasmaderemarkableachievements,characterizedbyagric
7、ulturedrought,urbanwatershortage,droughtdifficultyindrinkingwaterandecologicaldegradationareundereffectivecontrolgradually.Inthefuture,droughtmanagementinChinashouldmakemoreeffortstowardsdroughtriskmanagementthroughaseriesofactions,includingimprovingdroughtmiti
8、gationmeasures,enhancingscientificmanagementcapacity,actualizingsocialization,strengtheningpubliceducationandmakingbetterpreparednessforextremedrought.Keywords:drought;evolu