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1、CHAPTER4MARKET-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING:SOMEEARLYLESSONSMICHAELP.WELLMANDeptofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,UniversityofMichiganAnnArbor,MI48109,USA1.IntroductionAstheotherchaptersinthisvolumeattest,themarket-basedapproacho ersausefulwaytoconceptualizeandanalyzedistrib
2、utedcontrolproblems,aswellastodesignandimplementactualdistributedcontrolsystems.Forthepastfewyears,Ihavebeenexploringthisapproachnotonlyasamethodologyforsolvingparticulardistributedcontrolproblems,butalsoasagenericprogrammingparadigmforthedevelopmentofdistributedsystemsbased
3、onthesemethods.Byaprogrammingparadigm,Imeanthattheexerciseofde ningacomputationalmarketleadstothespeci cationofaproceduralsolutiontotheunderlyingallocationproblemfacingthatymarket.Icallthisapproachmarket-orientedprogramming".Tosupportthepracticeofmarket-orientedprogramming,
4、weneedaninfrastruc-tureforbuildingmarket-basedsystems
5、thatis,amarket-orientedprogrammingen-vironment.Suchanenvironmentwouldprovideasetofgenericconstructsforspeci-fyingtheelementsofacomputationaleconomy,andimplementsomeofthefacilitiestomanagetheinteractionoftheseelements,acco
6、rdingtode nedprotocols.Inthischapter,Iprovideanoverviewofourexperiencetodatewithmarket-orientedprogramming.Aftersomefurtherelucidationandmotivationofthebasicideas,Idescribethemarket-orientedprogrammingenvironmentwehavebendevel-opingandusing.Thefollowingsectionsoutlinesomeoft
7、heapplicationswehaveexploredwiththemarket-orientedapproach.Thisleadsuptoadiscussionofthelessonslearnedfromourexperience
8、someguidingprinciplesandobservationsthatwerenotobviousattheoutsetofthisresearch(atleasttous).Weconcludebyconsideringtherelationtootherresearchandsomeofthep
9、romisesandpitfallsofmarket-orientedprogramming.PortionsofthischapterarefromapaperpresentedattheFifthInternationalCGEModelingConferenceWaterloo,Ontario,Canada,October1994.yThename,andtheconceptoflayeringconstraintsontopofobject-orientedmethodology,follows21thatofShoham'sage
10、nt-orientedprogramming".1.1.GeneralEquilibriumManyofthemarket-basedschemest
