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1、BANKORGANIZATIONANDREGULATIONChapter2BankManagement,5thedition. TimothyW.KochandS.ScottMacDonaldCopyright©2003bySouth-Western,adivisionofThomsonLearningGovernmentagenciesthatregulatecommercialbankshavehadtobalancethebankingsystem’scompetitivenesswithgeneralsafetyandsoundnessconcerns.His
2、torically,regulationhaslimitedwhocan:openorcharternewbanksandwhatproductsandservicesbankscanoffer.Imposingbarrierstoentryandrestrictingthetypesofactivitiesbankscanengageinclearlyenhancesafetyandsoundness,butalsohindercompetition.Historicalregulation,whichlimitsthenumberofbanksandtypesof
3、activities,hasthreedrawbacksItassumedthatthemarketsforbankproducts,largelybankloansanddeposits,couldbeprotectedandthatotherfirmscouldnotencroachuponthesemarkets.Notsurprisingly,investmentbanks,hybridfinancialcompanies,insurancefirms,andothersfoundwaystoprovidethesameproductsasbanksacros
4、sdifferentgeographicmarkets.ItdiscriminatedagainstU.S.-basedfirmsversusforeign-basedfirms.Forexample,priorregulationsprohibitedU.S.banksfromunderwritingsecuritiesforfirmsintheU.S.Incontrast,foreignbanksaregenerallynotrestrictedastotheirdomesticcorporatestructureandthushavelongbeenableto
5、circumventU.S.restrictionsonunder-writingactivities.SuchrestrictionsplaceU.S.banksatacompetitivedisadvantage.Historicalregulationhaspenalizedbankcustomerswhodonothaveconvenientaccesstotherangeofproductstheydemand.Inaddition,suchrestrictionsgenerallyraisepricesabovethoseobtainedinapurely
6、competitivemarketplace.TheU.S.operatesusinga“dualbankingsystem.”Individualstatesaswellasthefederalgovernmentissuebankcharters.TheOfficeoftheComptrolleroftheCurrency(OCC)chartersnationalbanksIndividualstatebankingdepartmentscharterstatebanksandsavingsinstitutes.TheOfficeofThriftSupervisi
7、on(OTS)chartersfederalsavingsbanksandsavingsassociations.TheFederalDepositInsuranceCorporation(FDIC)insuresthedepositsofbanksandsavingsassociationsupto$100,000peraccount.Bankregulationandsupervision…conductedbyfourfederalagencies(OCC,OTS,FDIC,andtheFederalReserve)aswellasfiftys
