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ID:50996415
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时间:2020-03-08
《托福阅读真题详解 2014-03-16 01 Costs and Benefits of Social Life.pdf》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、2014-03-1601CostsandBenefitsofSocialLifeManythinkthatthereasonsomanyanimalslivewithothersoftheirspeciesisthatsocialcreaturesarehigheruptheevolutionaryscaleandsoarebetteradaptedandleavemoreoffspringthandoanimalsthatlivesolitarylives.However,ineachandeveryspecies,generatio
2、naftergeneration,relativelysocialandrelativelysolitarytypescompeteunconsciouslywithoneanotherinwaysthatdeterminewholeavesmoreoffspringonaverage.Insomespecies,themoresocialindividualshavewonout,butinalargemajority,itisthesolitarytypesthathaveconsistentlyleftmoresurvivingd
3、escendantsonaverage.Paragraph2Buthowcanlivingaloneeverbesuperiortolivingtogether?Undersomeconditions,acost-benefitcomparisonfavorssolitarylifeoveramoresocialexistence.Forexample,amongmostsocialspecies,animalshavetoexpendtimeandenergycompetingforsocialstatus.Thosethatdono
4、toccupythetoppositionsregularlyhavetosignaltheirsubmissivestatetotheirsuperiorsiftheyaretobepermittedtoremaininthegroup.Thiscantakeupamajorshareofasocialsubordinate'slife.Infact,eveninsmallsocialgroupstherearebothsubtlecompetitionandnot-so-subtlecompetition.1.Whichofthef
5、ollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2asareasonforsayingthatundersomeconditionsasolitarylifeissuperiortoamoresociallife?Solitaryanimalscancompetemoresuccessfullyagainstanimalsofotherspeciesthansocialanimalscan.Solitaryanimalscanhidefrompredatorsmoreeasilythangroupsofanima
6、lscan.Solitaryanimalsdonotneedtospendtimeandenergycompetingforsocialstatus.Solitaryanimalsdonotneedlargequantitiesoffoodtosurvive.细节题:找到定位局,其下一句是:Amongmostsocialspecies,animalshavetoexpendtimeandenergycompetingforsocialstatus.和C是同义替换。Paragraph3Socialgroupsalsoofferoppo
7、rtunitiesforreproductiveinterference.Breedingmalesthatliveincloseassociationwithmoreattractiverivalsmaylosetheirmatestotheseindividuals.Inaddition,socialityhastwootherpotentialdisadvantages.Thefirstisheightenedcompetitionforfood,whichoccursinanimalsasdifferentascolonialf
8、ieldfares(akindofsongbird)andgroupsoflions,whosefemalesareoftenpushedfromtheirfoodbyhungrymales.Theseco
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