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1、Interna卜CombustionEngineInternal-CombustionEngine,anytypeofmachinethatobtainsmechanicalenergydirectlyfromtheexpenditureofthechemicalenergyoffuelburnedinacombustionchamberthatisanintegralpartoftheengine.Fourprincipaltypesofinternal-combustionenginesareingeneral
2、use:theOtto-cycleengine,thedieselengine,therotaryengine,andthegasturbine.Forthevarioustypesofenginesemployingtheprincipleofjetpropulsion,seeJetPropulsion;Rocket.TheOtto-cycleengine,namedafteritsinventor,theGermantechnicianNikolausAugustOtto,isthefamiliargasoli
3、neengineusedinautomobilesandairplanes;thedieselengine,namedaftertheFrench・bornGermanengineerRudolfChristianKarlDiesel,operatesonadifferentprincipleandusuallyusesoilasafuel.Itisemployedinelectric-generatingandmarine-powerplants,intrucksandbuses,andinsomeautomob
4、iles.BothOtto-cycleanddieselenginesaremanufacturedintwo-strokeandfour-strokecyclemodels.TheessentialpartsofOtto-cycleanddieselenginesarethesame.Thecombustionchamberconsistsofacylinder,usuallyfixed,thatisclosedatoneendandinwhichaclose-fittingpistonslides.Thein-
5、and-outmotionofthepistonvariesthevolumeofthechamberbetweentheinnerfaceofthepistonandtheclosedendofthecylinder.Theouterfaceofthepistonisattachedtoaerankshaftbyaconnectingrod.Theerankshafttransformsthereciprocatingmotionofthepistonintorotarymotion.Inmulticylinde
6、redenginestheerankshafthasoneoffsetportion,calledaerankpin，foreachconnectingrod,sothatthepowerfromeachcylinderisappliedtothecrankshaftattheappropriatepointinitsrotation・Crankshaftshaveheavyflywheelsandcounterweights,whichbytheirinertiaminimizeirregularityinthe
7、motionoftheshaft.Anenginemayhavefrom1toasmanyas28cylinders.Thefuelsupplysystemofaninternal-combustionengineconsistsofatank,afuelpump,andadeviceforvaporizingoratomizingtheliquidfuel.InOtto-cycleenginesthisdeviceiseitheracarburetoror,morerecently,afuel-injection
8、system.Inmostengineswithacarburetor,vaporizedfuelisconveyedtothecylindersthroughabranchedpipecalledtheintakemanifoldand,inmanyengines,asimilarexhaustmanifoldisprovidedtocarryoffthe
