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ID:50586786
大小:1.11 MB
页数:27页
时间:2020-03-12
《曼昆微观经济学英文版11public goods.ppt》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、11PublicGoodsandCommonResource“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Freegoodsprovideaspecialchallengeforeconomicanalysis.Mostgoodsinoureconomyareallocatedinmarkets…“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whengoodsareavailablefreeofcharge,themarketforcesthatnormallyallocateresource
2、sinoureconomyareabsent.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Whenagooddoesnothaveapriceattachedtoit,privatemarketscannotensurethatthegoodisproducedandconsumedintheproperamounts.“Thebestthingsinlifearefree...”Insuchcases,governmentpolicycanpotentiallyremedythemarketfailure
3、thatresults,andraiseeconomicwell-being.THEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSWhenthinkingaboutthevariousgoodsintheeconomy,itisusefultogroupthemaccordingtotwocharacteristics:Isthegoodexcludable?Isthegoodrival?THEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSExcludabilityExcludabilityreferstotheproperty
4、ofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit.RivalryRivalryreferstothepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse.THEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSFourTypesofGoodsPrivateGoodsPublicGoodsCommonResourcesNaturalMonopoliesTHEDIFFERENTKINDSOFGOODSPrivateGo
5、odsArebothexcludableandrival.PublicGoodsAreneitherexcludablenorrival.CommonResourcesArerivalbutnotexcludable.NaturalMonopoliesAreexcludablebutnotrival.Figure1FourTypesofGoodsCopyright©2004South-WesternRival?YesYes•Ice-creamcones•Clothing•Congestedtollroads•Fireprot
6、ection•CableTV•UncongestedtollroadsNoPrivateGoodsNaturalMonopoliesNoExcludable?•Fishintheocean•Theenvironment•Congestednontollroads•Tornadosiren•Nationaldefense•UncongestednontollroadsCommonResourcesPublicGoodsPUBLICGOODSAfree-riderisapersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofa
7、goodbutavoidspayingforit.TheFree-RiderProblemSincepeoplecannotbeexcludedfromenjoyingthebenefitsofapublicgood,individualsmaywithholdpayingforthegoodhopingthatotherswillpayforit.Thefree-riderproblempreventsprivatemarketsfromsupplyingpublicgoods.TheFree-RiderProblemSo
8、lvingtheFree-RiderProblemThegovernmentcandecidetoprovidethepublicgoodifthetotalbenefitsexceedthecosts.Thegovernmentcanmakeeveryonebetteroffbyprov
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