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1、PlumbingIngeneral,plumbingreferstothesystemofpipes,fixtures,andotherapparatususedinsideabuildingforsupplyingwaterandremovingliquidandwaterbornewasters.Inpraticejhetermincludesstormwaterorroofdrainageandexteriorsystemcomponentsconnectingtoasourcesuchasapublicwatersystem
2、orapointofdisposalsuchaspublicsewersystemoradomesticseptictankorcesspool.Thepurposeofplumbingsystemsis,basically,tibringinto,anddistributewithin,abuildingasupllyofsafewatertobeusedfordrinkingpurposesandtocollectanddisposeofpollutedandcontaminatedwastewaterfromthevariou
3、sreceptaclesonthepremiseswithouthazardtothehealthofoccupants.Codes,regulations,andtradepraticesaredesignedtokeepthewatersystemseparatedfromdrainagesystems;topreventtheintroductionofharmfulmaterialsuchaschemicals,micro-organisms,anddirt;andtothekeepthewatersystemsafeund
4、eralloperatingconditions.Theseprotectivecodesalsoaredesignedtopreventfloodingofdrainagelines,provideventingofdangerousgases,andeliminateopportunitiesforbackflowofdangerouswastewaterintothewatersystem.Itisessentialthatdisease-producingorganismsandharmfulchemicalsbeconfi
5、nedtothedrainagesystem.SincethetimeofMosesmanhasbeencautionedtodisposeofhiswastessafely,andcleanlinesshasbeenrelatedtotheavailabilityotwaterandassociatedwithsocialcoustom.Earlymanoftenlivednearawatersourcethatservedashiswatersupplyanddrainagesysteminone・1(wasalsohisbat
6、h.Latrine-likereceptacleswithcrudedrainshavebeenfoundinexcavationsintheOrkneyIslandsofNeolithicstonehutsatleast10,000yearsold.Bothawatersystemandpipingusedasdrainagefashionedofterra-cottapipewerepartoftheroyalpalaceofMinosinCrete,about2000BC・Thepalacealsohadalatrinewit
7、hwater-flushingreservoiranddrainage・NothingcomparabletoitwasdevelopedinEuropeuntilthe18lhcentury・Eventheequipmentofthemodernbathroom,thoughmuchimprovedwithhotandcoldwaterunderpressureandlesscrudeprovisionsfordrainage,isinconceptlittledifferentfromtheMinoanversion.Itwas
8、outuntiltheendofthe19thcenturythatadvaneeinplumbingpracticeweregivenseriousattentionasanintegralpartofhousing・Abuildi