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1、Unit2Whatishappinesstoyou?Whatishappinesstoyou?GrammarandUsage1.不定式作状语①不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因等。例如:Weeattolive,butwedon'tlivetoeat.(目的)Whathashesaidtomakeyousohappy?(结果)Sheburstintotearstohearthebadnews.(原因)一作状语注:表目的的不定式还常与soas或inorder连用,构成soas(not)todo和inorder(not)todo结构,其中soas(not)todo不能用于句首。例如:T
2、ogetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Inordertogetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Wegotupveryearly(inorder/soas)togetthereintime.②不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容词之后作状语。例如:Becarefulnottocatchcold.Themaniseasytogetalongwith.③不定式常与too或enough连用,在句中作状语。例如:Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool/tobesenttoschool.=Theboyisnotoldenou
3、ghtogotoschool/tobesenttoschool.④不定式有时用于so...astodosth.结构中作状语。例如:Willyoubesokindastohelpmewiththework?⑤有时,不定式还可修饰一个句子,表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有totellyouthetruth,tobehonest,tobefranc,tobefair,等。例如:Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tlikethefilm.2.-ing分词和-ed分词作状语①-ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语,多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分
4、词有主谓关系,用-ing分词,有动宾关系则用-ed分词。例如:Weenjoyedourselvesinthepark,singinganddancing.Builtin1900,thehouseisnow100yearsold.②-ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语,其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系用-ing分词,有动宾关系则用-ed分词。例如:Beingsopoorinthosedays,theycouldn'tsendtheboytoschool.(原因)Borninapoorfamily,theboycouldnotgotosch
5、ool.(原因)Hearingthebadnews,sheburstintotears.(时间)Seenfromthehill,theparklooksmorebeautiful.(时间)③-ing分词有时可作结果状语。例如:Herhusbanddiedinthewar,leavingherawidowwiththreechildren.Wegotupveryearly,arrivingatthehospitalaheadoftime.④-ed分词有时用作条件状语,其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitmuchbette
6、r.⑤如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生,该不定式或分词用完成式。例如:I'msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Havingnever/Nothavingmetthemanbefore,Icouldn'trecognizehimatfirst.Havingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttoplayfootball.⑥分词短语作状语时,通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语,这种结构称为“独立主格”结构。例如:Hergrandfatherbeingill,shehadtostayatho
7、melookingafterhim.(原因)Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.(时间)Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.(原因)Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.(条件)⑦有些分词在句子中没有主语,这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词,属于分词的一种特殊用法。taking...in