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1、Particle-ParticleInteractionsParticIe-particIeinteractionsareextremeIyimportarrtinbringingaboutaggregationbymeansofBrownianmotion.thetheorythathasbeendevelopedtodescribeparticle-particleinteractionsisbasedontheconsiderationofinteractionbetweentwochargedflatplatesandbetweentwochargedsphe
2、res.AsneitherofthesedeveIopmentsisdirectlyapplicabletotheparticlesfoundinwastewater,asdescribedabove,theanalysisfortwochargedflatplateswiIIbeusedforiIIustrativepurposes.Thetwoprincipalfaceinvolvedaretheforcesofrepulsion,duetotheelectricalpropertiesofthechargedpiates,andthevanderWaalsder
3、WaalsuntiItheproximity'henetFigure3repuIsionattraction・Itshouldbeforcesofattractiondotwoplatesarebroughttoeachother.notedthatthevannotcomeintoplaytogetherinclosetotalenergyshownbythesolidIinesonisthedifferencebetweentheforcesofandattraction.Thetwoconditions,withrespecttotheforcesofrepul
4、sion,areiIlustratedonFigure3.asshownforconditions1,theforcesofattractionwiIIpredominateatshortandlongdistances・Thenetenergycurveforcondition1containsarepulsivemaximumthatmustbeovercomeiftheparticles,representedasthetwoplates,aretobeheldtogetherbythevanderWaalsforceofattraction.Inconditi
5、on2,thereisnoenergybarriertoovercome・Clearly,ifcolloidalparticlesaretoberemovedbymicrofIoccuIation,therepuIsiveforcemustbereduced.althoughflocparticlescanformatalongdistancesasshownbytheenergycurveforcondition1,thenetforceholdingtheseparticlestogetherisweakandtheflocparticlesthatareform
6、edcanbeeasily.rupturedParticleDestabiIizationwithPotentiaI-DeterminingElectrolytesIonsandTobringaboutparticleaggregationthroughmicrofIoccuIation,stepsmustbetakentoreduceparticlechargeortoovercometheeffectofthischarge・theeffectofthechargecanbeovercomeby⑴theadditionofpotentiaI-determining
7、ions,whichwiIIbetakenupbyorwiIIreactwiththecolIoidsurfacetolessenthesurfacetolessenchargeand(2)theadditionfelectrolytes,whichhavetheeffectofreducingthethicknessofthediffuseelectrielayerand,thereby,reducethezetapotentiaIUseofPotentiaI-DeterminingIons.TheadditionofPotentiaI-Deter
