Politeness in Conversation.ppt

《Politeness in Conversation.ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、PolitenessinConversationBy:GaoYaBackgroundGrice'sCooperativePrinciplefailstoexplain,amongotherthings,whytheychoosenottobedirectinsayingwhattheymean.TworesearchorientationesPolitenessRobinTolmachLakoffAfemaleprofessoroflinguisticsattheUniversityofCali

2、fornia,Berkeley.Establishinglanguageandgenderasanobjectofstudyinlinguistics.Twobasicstrategiesforcommunication:thetransmissionofinformationandrapport(Lakoff,1973)PolitenessRules1.Don'timpose(Distance)e.gCouldyoupostthelettersonmydesk?2.Giveoptions(De

3、ference)e.gIwonderifitwouldhelptoputonthepurpledress.3.Befriendly(Camaraderie)e.gDearling,passthesalttome!GeoffreyLeechAspecialistinEnglishlanguageandlinguistics.Farfrombeingasuperficialmatterof"beingcivil",politenessisanimportantmissinglinkbetweenth

4、eCPandtheproblemofhowtorelatesensetoforce.PolitenessPrincipleTwogeneralrequirements:1.Maximize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofpolitebeliefs2.Minimize(otherthingsbeingequal)theexpressionofimpolitebeliefsSixMaxims1.TactMaxim2.GenerosityMaxim3.App

5、robationMaxim4.ModestyMaxim5.AgreementMaxim6.SympathyMaximTactMaximIndirectivesandcommissivesa.Minimizecosttoothere.gCouldyougivemeasheetofpaper?b.Maximizebenefittoothere.gYoucanusemycarwheneveryouneedit.GenerosityMaximIndirectivesandcommissivesa.Min

6、imizebenefittoselfe.gMayIjusthavealook?b.Maxmizecosttoselfe.gI'llmakeeveryefforttodothejobwell.ApprobationMaximInexpressivesandrepresentativesa.Minimizedispraiseofothere.gYoucouldbeabitmorecareful.b.Maximizepraiseofothere.gWhatamarvelousmealyoucooked

7、.ModestyMaximInexpressivesandrepresentativesa.Minimizepraiseofselfe.gPleaseacceptthissmallgiftofmine.b.Maximizedispraiseofselfe.gHowstupidofme!AgreementMaxima.Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothere.gBasicallyweseeeyetoeyewitheachother.b.Maximizeagr

8、eementbetweenselfandothere.gIfullyagreewithyou.SympathyMaxima.Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothere.gThat'sjustajoke,isn'tit?Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothere.gI'mawfullysorrytohearyourbadnews.Clashesbetweenthemaxims1.BetweentheAgreementMaximandth