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1、林则徐致英国维多利亚女王信CommissionerLin:LettertoQueenVictoria,1839【Lin,highimperialcommissioner,apresidentoftheBoardofWar,viceroyofthetwoKeängprovinces,&c.,Tang,apresidentoftheBoardofWar,viceroyofthetwoKwangprovinces,&c.,andE.,avice-presidentoftheBoardofWar,lieut.-governorofKwangtung,&c.,herebyconjointlyaddres
2、sthispublicdispatchtothequeenofEnglandforthepurposeofgivingherclearanddistinctinformation(onthestateofaffairs)&c.FromSsuyuTengandJohnFairbank,China'sResponsetotheWest,(CambridgeMA:HarvardUniversityPress,1954),repr.inMarkA.Kishlansky,ed.,SourcesofWorldHistory,VolumeII,(NewYork:HarperCollinsCollegePub
3、lishers,1995),pp.266-69LinTse-Hsu(1785-1850)wastheChineseCommissionerinCantonwhoseactionsprecipitatedtheOpiumWars(1839-1842).AlthoughopiumwasusedinChinaforcenturies,itwasnotuntiltheopeningoftheteatradetoDutchandBritishmerchantsthatChinawasabletoimportlargequantitiesofthedrug.Bytheearlynineteenthcent
4、uryopiumwastheprincipalproductthattheEnglishEastIndiaCompanytradedinChinaandopiumaddictionwasbecomingawidespreadsocialproblem.Whentheemperor'sownsondiedofanoverdose,hedecidedtoputanendtothetrade.LinTse-Hs?wassent.toCanton,thechieftradingportoftheEastIndiaCompany,withinstructionstonegoiateanendtothei
5、mportationofopiumintoChina.TheEnglishmerchantswereuncooperative,soheseizedtheirstoresofopium.Thisledtoimmediatemilitaryaction.TheChineseweredecisivelydefeatedandhadtocedetoahumiliatingtreatythatlegalizedtheopiumtrade.AsaresultcommissionerLinwasdismissedfromofficeandsentintoexile.】1洪惟我大皇帝抚绥中外，一视同仁，利则
6、与天下公之，害则为天下去之。盖以天地之心为心也。贵国王累世相传，皆称恭顺。Itisonlyourhighandmightyemperor,whoalikesupportsandcherishesthoseoftheInnerLand,andthosefrombeyondtheseas-wholooksuponallmankindwithequalbenevolence---who,ifasourceofprofitexistsanywhere,diffusesitoverthewholeworld---who,ifthetreeofeviltakesrootanywhere,plucksitu
7、pforthebenefitofallnations;---who,inaword,hathimplantedinhisbreastthatheart(bywhichbeneficentnatureherself)9governstheheavensandtheearth!You,thequeenofyourhonorablenation,situponathroneoccupiedthrough
