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1、阅读理解题真题资料详细分析2015复习资料Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproducesthebestresults.That'spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactuallyworkmoreefficiently,andexert（发挥）moreeffort,toachievethosegoals.What'sfarlessunderstood（万万没想到）byscientists,
2、however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesupanddownbothWallStreetandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearchonhowthelong-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrent
3、economiccrisis,andunethical(不道德的)behavioringeneral(大体上)."Goalsarewidelyusedandpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesamemotivationthatcanpushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivatepeopletobemorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,"saysMauriceSchweitzer
4、,anassociateprofessoratPenn'sWhartonSchool."Itturnsoutthere'snoeconomicbenefittojusthavingagoal---youjustgetapsychologicalbenefit"Schweitzersays."Butinmanycases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmorepowerful."AprimeexampleSchweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapse倒闭崩毁ofenerg
5、y-tradinggiantEnron,wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecificrevenue收益goals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotprofitable无利可图的.Otherstudieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemtolie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseinthe
6、early1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquotaonitsautorepairstaff.Itpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocompleteunnecessaryrepairsonacompanywidebasis.Schweitzerconcedeshisresearchrunscountertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethatcommendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-setting.Advocatesofthepracticehav
7、etakenissuewithhisteam'suseofsuchevidenceasnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidelyover-prescribed.Inarebuttal(反驳)paper,Dr.EdwinLockewrites:"Goal-settingisnotgoingaway.Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymorethananindividualcanth
8、rivewithoutgoalstoprovidea
