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1、LegalOntologyandtheProblemofNormativityLeoZaibertandBarrySmithAppliedontologyistheattempttoputtousetherigoroustoolsofphilosophicalontologyinthedevelopmentofcategorysystemswhichcanbeofuseintheformalizationandsystematizationofknowledgeofagivendomain.Inwhatfollowsweshallsketchsomeelementsoftheo
2、ntologyoflegalandsocio-politicalinstitutions,payingattentionespeciallytothenormativityinvolvedinsuchinstitutions.Weshallseethatthereismorethanonetypeofnormativity,butthatthisfactthathasoftenbeenignoredinstandardattemptsbyphilosopherstobuildontologiesoflegalandothersocio-politicalentities.Ino
3、rdertoprovideasoundsystemofcategoriesforlegalandsocio-politicalinstitutionsandentities,however,themanifoldofnormativityneedstobeaddressed.Theclassicalexamplesofnormativestatementshavebeenmoralpropositions;theydonotmerelydescribestatesofaffairs;theytellushowstatesofaffairsoughttobe.Thedistinc
4、tionbetweenhowthingsareandhowtheyoughttobeisthebasisofthedistinctionbetweenfactandvalue.Analyticphilosophersforalongtimeshunneddiscussionsofnormativityandethics.Theyconsideredethicalstatementsaspseudo-propositions,oras1expressionsofpro-orcon-attitudesofnotheoreticalsignificance.Nowadays,inco
5、ntrast,prominentanalyticphilosophersdiscussnormativeproblemsandthereareimportantbookswrittenbysuchphilosophersontopicssuchaslawandjustice.Herewepayattentiontothreeseminalthinkersinthisdevelopment:H.L.A.Hart,JohnRawls,andJohnR.Searleinconcerningourselvesespeciallywiththewayinwhichtheydealwith
6、theissueofnormativity.Hartis,withinthecontextofrecentanalyticphilosophy,themostimportantphilosopheroflaw,Rawlsthemost1See,A.J.Ayer,Language,TruthandLogic;LudwigWittgenstein,DiscourseonEthics;and,ingeneraltheworkofthenon-cognitivists,R.M.HareandC.I.Stevenson2importantpoliticalphilosopher,andS
7、earlethemostimportantphilosopherofsocialreality.Allthreeoftheseauthors,foralltheirsophistication,assumethatthereisbutonetypeofnormativitywithintherealmofsocialinstitutions.Insodoing,weshallargue,theyneglectfeaturesofsuchinstitutionswhichareofcrucia