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时间:2019-08-05
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1、1-2ThePre-IndustrialRevolutionWelcometothisfirstsession.Intoday'ssession,we'llexploresomeoftheideasthatdominatedthedesignofsettlementspriortothedawnoftheIndustrialAge.Inthe19thcentury,whenindustrializationcametocities,everythingchanged.Butbeforethattherewasalongcontinuityofideasabouthow
2、todesigncities.It'stotallyfoolishtoimaginethatwecouldexploreseveralthousandyearsofhistoryofcitiesinjustonebriefsession.However,whatwecandoistotalkabouttheleadingideas,thethingsthatdominatedthedesignofsettlementsforthatlongperiodoftimeandhelpyourecognizetheminyourcommunities.Manyofyouwho
3、liveincitiesthatdateback100sofyears,andthetracesofearliersettlementscanbeseenbyjustbywalkingaroundinyourcity.Butthoseofyouwholiveinmorerecentcities,willalsoprobablybesurprisedtoseethenumberofideasofcontemporarycitiesthathavetheirrootsinwhathadhappenedinearliercities.Human'smayhavebeende
4、signingandplanningsettlementssincethedawnofcivilization.Manyoftheearliestsettlementswerecreatedininformalways.Peoplesimplygatheredaroundthecampfire,builthousesarounditandandthesettlementsemergedfromthatkindofinformalprocess.Butbeginningatleast3000yearsagopeoplebegandeliberatelydesigning
5、settlements.Ascivilizationsgrewandbecamemorestableandamassedresources,consciousideasenteredintothedesignofplaces.Thefirstideaisthewall.Defensebecameessential,andforover2,000years,thedesignoffortificationsbecameacriticalpartofplanningcities.Evenafterfortificationscamedown,andthemoatwasdr
6、ained,theideaofcreatinglimitstothecityremained.Thesecondideaisthegrid.Aslandownershipwasdispersedtofamiliesandpeopletherewasaneedtosubdividepropertyinsomelogicalwayandrecorditonmaps.Therewasaneedalsotodefinepublicareaslikestreetsandsquares.Agridplanwastheeasiestwaytomaponthegroundandthe
7、easiesttosubdivide.GridironcitieswerecreatedbytheGreeksastheysettledAsiaMinor500yearsBC.And,gridswerethefavoriteformofnewcitieswhentheEuropeansconqueredtheAmericasinthe15thcentury.AsthismapofLima,Perushows.Thethirdideaistheaxis.Somepartsofthecityhavebeenmoreimportantthanotherst
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