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1、'oSTATISTICSWITHOUTTEARSAPrimerforNon-mathematiciansDEREKROWNTREE3o)I9.HOWPENGUINBOOKSSTATISTICSWITHOUTTEARSDerekRownt:Jcr.eein*.vong
2、pjg
3、jP>E4)M*ein^Educationandaj
4、pjtDoctorate(D.Tech.).Hehastaughtinsecondaryscho'collegeoftechnology,collegeofeduca-*tionandunive
5、rsity.Hehasbeenavisitingprofessorat'ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,andattheOntarioInstituteforStudiesinEducation,Toronto.ForsomeyearshewasChiefEditorforapublishingcompanyinthefieldofpro-grammedlearning,andheledateamofwritersworkingonacademicsubjectsandonindustrialtra
6、iningtopics.Since1970hehasbeenwiththeOpenUniversitywhereheisnowProfes-sorofEducationalDevelopmentattheInstituteofEduca-tionalTechnology.HisotherbooksincludeLearnHowToStudy,EducationalTechnologyinCurriculumDevelopment,AssessingStudents:HowShallWeKnowThem?,Developing
7、CoursesforStudents,TeachingThroughSelf-instruction,TheManager'sBookofChecklistsandHowtoManageYourBoss.A00¥507DEREKROWNTREESTATISTICSWITHOUTTEARSAPRIMERFORNON-MATHEMATICIANSTHEUBMKYOFNURSINGPRESTONSCHOOLPENGUINBOOKSPENGUINBOOKSPublishedbythePenguinGroupPenguinBooksL
8、td,27WrightsLane,LondonWS5TZ,EnglandVikingPenguin,adivisionofPenguinBooksUSAInc.375HudsonStreet,NewYork,NewYork10014,USAPenguinBooksAustraliaLtd,Ringwood,Victoria,AustraliaPenguinBooksCanadaLtd,2801JohnStreet,Markham,Ontario,CanadaL3RIB4PenguinBooks(NZ)Ltd,182-190W
9、airauRoad,Auckland10,NewZealandPenguinBooksLtd,RegisteredOffices:Harmondsworth,Middlesex,EnglandFirstpublishedinPelicanBooks1981ReprintedinPenguinBooks1991109876S432Copyright©DerekRowntree.1981AllrightsreservedPrintedinEnglandbyClaysLtd,StIvespicSetinMonotypeTimesE
10、xceptintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,thisbookissoldsubjecttotheconditionthatitshallnot,bywayoftradeorotherwise,belent,re-told,hiredout,orotherwisecirculatedwithoutthepublisher'spriorconsentinanyformofbindingorcoverotherthanthatinwhichitispublishedandwithoutasimilarcondi
11、tionincludingthisconditionbeingimposedonthesubsequentpurchaserJBRAfcYContentsIntroduction9Howtousethisbook101.Statisticalinquiry13Makingsenseofex