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1、SocIndicRes(2008)86:417432DOI10.1007/s11205-007-9177-4InvestigatingRegionalDisparitiesofChina’sHumanDevelopmentwithClusterAnalysis:AHistoricalPerspectiveYonghengYangÆAngangHuAccepted:13August2007/Publishedonline:1September2007ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2007AbstractThispa
2、peradoptsbothone-dimensionalandmulti-dimensionalclusteranalysistoanalyzeChinasHDIdatafor1982,1995,1999,and2003,andtoclassifyChinasprovincesintofourtiersbasedonthethreebasicdevelopmentalaspectsembeddedinHDI.Theclassificationsbyclusteranalysisdependsontheobservationssimilaritieswi
3、threspecttoclusteringvariable(s),ratherthansubjectivelypredeterminedthresholdvaluesadoptedbymajorinternationalorganizations,likeUNDP,tomaketheirclassification.Byinvestigatingthemulti-dimensionalclusteringresults,thispaperdescribesthefeaturesofeachofthefourtiersbasedontheircharac
4、teristicswithinthethreedevelopmentalaspects,exploresthepatternsofcross-tierdisparities,andtrackstheevolutionsfromahistoricalperspective.Alsofoundisthat,inChina,theoverallregionaldisparitieshavebeenincreasinglyattributabletoregionaleconomicdisparities.KeywordsHumandevelopmentCl
5、usteranalysisRegionaldisparitiesFourtiers1BackgroundTheHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)hasbeenpublishedannuallybytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)since1990.Ithasbeenwidelyadoptedtomeasureandranktherelativehumandevelopmentinvariousnations,including175UNmembercountries,along
6、withHongKongSAR,China,andtheOccupiedPalestinianTerritories.Asacompositenumberandasummarymeasureofhumandevelopment,HDImeasurestheaverageachievementsinacountryorregioninthreebasicdimensionsofhumandevelopment:alongandhealthylife,asmeasuredbylifeexpectancyatbirth;educationattainmen
7、t,asmeasuredbytheadultliteracyrate(withtwo-thirdsweight)andthecom-binedprimary,secondary,andtertiarygrossenrolmentratio(withone-thirdweight);andaY.Yang(&)A.HuSchoolofPublicPolicy&Management,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,Chinae-mail:yhyang@tsinghua.edu.cn123418Y.Yang,A.Hudec
8、entstandardofliving,asmeasuredbyGDPpercapita($PPP)(UND
