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ID:40351533
大小:1.99 MB
页数:49页
时间:2019-07-31
《Chapter 4 Labor Market Equilibrium》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、CHAPTER4LaborMarketEquilibriumMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2013byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.•Analyzingthepropertiesofequilibriuminaperfectlycompetitivelabormarket.Theequilibriumallocationofworkerstofirmsisefficient。ThisresultisanexampleofAdam
2、Smith’sinvisiblehandtheorem(看不见的手定理),whereinlabormarketparticipantsinsearchoftheirownselfishgoalsattainanoutcomethatnooneinthemarketconsciouslysoughttoachieve.•Analyzingthepropertiesoflabormarketequilibriumunderalternativemarketstructures,suchasmonopsonies(买方垄断
3、)andmonopolies(垄断).•Policyapplications:taxes,subsidies,mandatedbenefits,andimmigration.2-24-1EquilibriuminaSingleCompetitiveLaborMarket•Equilibriumoccurswhensupplyequalsdemand,generatingthecompetitivewagew*andemploymentE*.(seeFigure4-1)Thewagew*isthemarket-cle
4、aring(市场出清)wage.Thereisnounemploymentinacompetitivelabormarket.Asthelabormarketreactstoaparticularshock,wagesandemploymentwilltendtomovetowardtheirnewequilibriumlevel.2-34-1EquilibriuminaSingleCompetitiveLaborMarket2-4Efficiency•Producersurplus(生产者剩余):theprof
5、itsaccruingtofirms.•Workersurplus(工人剩余):thegainsaccruingtoworkers.Thedifferencebetweenwhattheworkerreceives(thecompetitivewage)andthevalueoftheworker’stimeoutsidethelabormarket(theheightofthesupplycurve).•Thetotalgainsfromtrade(交易获益)accruingtothenationaleconom
6、y:producersurplus+workersurplus.Thecompetitivemarketmaximizesthetotalgainsfromtradeaccruingtotheeconomy.Anefficientallocation(有效配置):Theallocationofpersonstofirmsthatmaximizesthetotalgainsfromtradeinthelabormarket.Acompetitiveequilibriumgeneratesanefficiental
7、locationoflaborresources.2-54-2CompetitiveEquilibriumacrossLaborMarkets•Theeconomytypicallyconsistsofmanylabormarkets,evenforworkerswhohavesimilarskills.(seeFigure4-2)Theselabormarketsmightbedifferentiatedbyregionorbyindustry.Iftherewerefreeentryandexitofwork
8、ersinandoutoflabormarkets,thenationaleconomywouldeventuallybecharacterizedbyasinglewage.Wagesacrossthetwolabormarketsalsowouldbeequalizediffirms(insteadofworkers)couldfreel
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