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1、hydrogenhydrogenTheEssentialElementjohns.rigdenharvarduniversitypressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandCopyright©2002bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollegeAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaFirstHarvardUniversityPresspaperbackedition,2003Thirdprinting,2003LibraryofCongressCa
2、taloging-in-PublicationDataRigden,JohnS.Hydrogen:theessentialelement/JohnS.Rigden.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-674-00738-7(cloth)ISBN0-674-01252-6(paper)1.Hydrogen.2.Science—Methodology.I.Title.QD181.H1R542002546.2—dc212001051708ContentsPrologue11IntheBeginning:Hydrogen
3、andtheBigBang62HydrogenandtheUnityofMatter:TheProut12HypothesisWilliamProut,18153HydrogenandtheSpectraoftheChemicalElements:19ASwissHighSchoolTeacherFindsaPatternJohannJakobBalmer,18854TheBohrModelofHydrogen:AParadigmforthe27StructureofAtomsNielsBohr,19135RelativityMeetstheQuantumintheHydrogenA
4、tom43ArnoldSommerfeld,19166TheFine-StructureConstant:AStrangeNumber52withUniversalSignificanceArnoldSommerfeld,19167TheBirthofQuantumMechanics:TheHydrogen59AtomAnswersthe“CrucialQuestion”WernerHeisenbergandWolfgangPauli,1925–26•PaulDirac,1925–26viContents8TheHydrogenAtom:MidwifetotheBirthofWave7
5、4MechanicsErwinSchrödinger,19269TheHydrogenAtomandDirac’sTheoryofthe87ElectronPaulDirac,192810HydrogenGuidesNuclearPhysicists:TheDiscoveryof96DeuteriumHaroldUrey,193211HubrisMeetsHydrogen:TheMagneticMomentof103theProtonOttoStern,193312TheMagneticResonanceMethod:TheOriginof113MagneticResonanceIm
6、agingI.I.Rabi,193813NewNuclearForcesRequired:TheDiscoveryofthe125QuadrupoleMomentoftheDeuteronNormanF.RamseyandI.I.Rabi,193914MagneticResonanceinBulkMatter(NMR)137EdwardM.PurcellandFelixBloch,194615Hydrogen’sChallengetoDiracTheory:Quantum150ElectrodynamicsasthePrototypePhysicalTheoryWillisLamb,
7、194716TheHydrogenAtomPortendsanAnomalywiththe161ElectronI.I.Rabi,JohnE.Nafe,andEdwardB.Nelson,194617HydrogenMapstheGalaxy171EdwardM.PurcellandHaroldEwen,1951Contentsvii18TheHydrogenMaser:AHigh-PrecisionClock183NormanF.RamseyandDan
