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1、ADP-95-11/M28,gr-qc/0101003inB.Robson,N.VisvanathanandW.S.Woolcock(eds.),Cosmology:ThePhysicsoftheUniverse",Proceedingsofthe8thPhysicsSummerSchool,AustralianNa-tionalUniversity,Canberra,Australia,16January{3February,1995,(WorldSci-enti c,Singapore,1996),pp.473-5
2、31.arXiv:gr-qc/0101003v130Dec2000Noteadded:Theselecturenotes,aspublishedabove,datefrom1995.Formorerecentworkontheissueofthepredictionoftheperiodofin
ationandthedebateaboutboundaryconditionproposals(x5.1),see:N.KontoleonandD.L.Wiltshire,Phys.Rev.D59(1999)063513[=g
3、r-qc/9807075].D.L.Wiltshire,Gen.Relativ.Grav.32(2000)515[=gr-qc/9905090].ANINTRODUCTIONTOQUANTUMCOSMOLOGYDAVIDL.WILTSHIREDepartmentofPhysicsandMathematicalPhysics,UniversityofAdelaide,S.A.5005,Australia.CONTENTS1.Introduction:::1.1Quantumcosmologyandquantumgravit
4、y:::1.2Abriefhistoryofquantumcosmology2.HamiltonianFormulationofGeneralRelativity:::2.1The3+1decomposition:::2.2Theaction3.Quantisation:::3.1Superspace:::3.2Canonicalquantisation:::3.3Pathintegralquantisation:::3.4Minisuperspace:::3.5TheWKBapproximation:::3.6Prob
5、abilitymeasures:::3.7MinisuperspacefortheFriedmannuniversewithmassivescalar eld4.BoundaryConditions:::4.1Theno-boundaryproposal:::4.2Thetunnelingproposal5.ThePredictionsofQuantumCosmology:::5.1Theperiodofin
ation:::5.2Theoriginofdensityperturbations:::5.3Thearrow
6、oftime6.Conclusion1.IntroductionTheselecturespresentanintroductiontoquantumcosmologyforanaudienceconsistingforalargepartofastronomers,andalsoanumberofparticlephysicists.Assuch,thematerialcoveredwillinvariablyoverlapwiththatofsimilarintro-ductoryreviews1;2,althoug
7、hIhopetoemphasise,wherepossible,thoseaspectsofquantumcosmologywhichareofmostinteresttoastronomers.Thisisnotaneasytask{quantumcosmologyisnotoftendiscussedatSummerSchoolssuchasthiswherethereisalargeemphasisonastrophysicalphenomenology,1fortheverygoodreasonthattheid
8、easinvolvedareatpresentrathertentative,andquantitativepredictionsarethusmuchmorediculttoarriveat.Neverthelessweshouldrememberthatnottoolongagothewholeenterpri
