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1、Definitionoflanguage:语言的定义1.languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Firstofall,languageisasystem,elementofalanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules3.second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptoth
2、eirmeaning.Eg,arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet4.third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforlanguageissecond5.finally,theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemthatotherformsoflifeposs
3、es,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.6.shortasitis,thisdefinitionhascapturethemainfeaturesoflanguage.Waysofclassifyingwords词的分类1.first,inflectionalaffixesaregenerallylessproductivethanderivationalaffixes:theyveryoftenaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalfunctiononlytothestem.Th
4、erefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasinglelexicalitem.However,derivationalaffixesareveryproductiveinmakingnewwords.2.second,inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto,whereasderivationalaffixesmightormightnot.3.third,whetheroneshouldaddin
5、flectionalaffixesornotdependsveryoftenonotherfactorswithinthephraseorsentence.However,derivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions4.forth,inEnglish,mostinflectionalaffixesaresuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.However,derivationalaffixescanbeeitherpr
6、efixesatthesametime.traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics传统语言学与现代语言学1.firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Alinguisticisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.2.secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguage
7、asprimary,notthewritten.Traditiongrammarianstendedtoemphasize,maybeoveremphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenlanguage.现代语言学中，口语是基本3.Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.ForalongtimeontheEuropeancontinentitwasunquestionablyassumedthatLa
8、tinprovidesauniversalframeworkintowhichalllanguagesfit.现代语言学不再局限于拉丁语functionofcomponentialanalysis:语义成分分析法Itisclaimedthatbyshowingtheseman
