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1、EGYPTEgyptAdministrativeDivisionsMediterraneanSeaPort,SaidAl-ISRAELMarsaAlexandria‘Arish-Matruh,,LIBYA-SHAMAL--JORDANSINA’-MATRUH,,Cairo-JANUB--SAUDISINA’ARABIA-AlMinyaSharmash--ShaykhALWADIAlGhardaqah-Asyut-,ALJADID--InternationalboundaryNationalcapitalSuhajQina-RedSeaGovernorateboundaryGove
2、rnoratecapitalGovernorates(muhafazat)havethesamenames,,-ALBAHR,astheircapitalsexceptwherenoted-AlKharijahALAHMAR,050100150kilometers050100150miles-AswanDamiettaKafrash10PortSaidShaykh19Alexandria-Admini-Damanhur-Tanta-AlMansurah,strative,,84Boundary32--AzZaqaziq-ShibinalKawmSUDANIsmailiaALBUH
3、AYRAH,5Banha--71.ADDAQAHLIYAH--2.ALGHARBIYAHAlJizahCairo6Suez-3.ALISKANDARIYAH---4.ALISMA’ILIYAH--5.ALMINUFIYAHAS-6.ALQAHIRAHAlFayyum-SUWAYS--7.ALQALYUBIYAH--8.ASHSHARQIYAHBaniSuwayf--9.BURSA’ID-10.DUMYAT,Map1.MapofEgyptEGYPTASHORTHISTORYWithanewafterwordbytheauthorROBERTL.TIGNORPRINCETONUNIV
4、ERSITYPRESSPRINCETON&OXFORDCopyright©2010byPrincetonUniversityPressPublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStreet,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TWpress.princeton.eduAllRightsReservedSecondprinting,andfirstpaperb
5、ackprinting,2011PaperbackISBN978-0-691-15307-0TheLibraryofCongresshascatalogedtheclotheditionofthisbookasfollowsTignor,RobertL.Egypt:ashorthistory/RobertL.Tignor.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-691-14763-5(alk.paper)1.Egypt—History.I.Title.DT77.T54010962—dc22201001793
6、9BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableThisbookhasbeencomposedinITCMendoza&PenumbraHalfSerifPrintedonacid-freepaper.ÇPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1098765432CONTENTSListofIllustrationsviiCreditsixPrefacexiCHAPTERONETheLandandPeople1CHAPTERTWOEgyptduringtheOldKingdom26CHAPTE
7、RTHREETheMiddleandNewKingdoms51CHAPTERFOURNubians,Greeks,andRomans,circa1200BCE–632CE80CHAPTERFIVEChristianEgypt105CHAPTERSIXEgyptwithinIslamicEmpires,639–969122CHAPTERSEVENFatimids,Ayyubids,andMamluks,969–1517146CHAPTEREIGHTOttomanEgypt,1517