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1、DialectVariationsinChinese,129-153PapersfromtheThirdInternationalConferenceonSinology,LinguisticsSection2002-4-001-002-000034-2*Gan,HakkaandtheFormationofChineseDialectsLaurentSagartEcoledesHautesEtudesenSciencesSocialesTheauthorarguesthatHakkaandsouther
2、nGanaresisterdialects,astheyshareseveralinnovationsnotfoundelsewhere;thattheyaroseoutoftheChinesedialectspokenincentralJiangxiinSongtimes,astratifieddialectwhichincludedanon-Chinesesubstratum,probablyMiao-Yao;anarchaiclayer;andamorerecentlayerwithanimpor
3、tantLateMiddleChinesecomponent.ItisclaimedthatthelinguisticboundarybetweensouthernGanandHakkaarosesecondarilyduetotheeffectofanoldadministrativeandgeographicalboundary.ItisalsoarguedthatHakkadevoicingtookplaceinthesouth,whenHakkawasincontactwiththeMiao-Y
4、aolanguageShe,andthattheolddialectofthecityofGanzhoumayhaveplayedanimportantroleintheformationofHakka.TherelationshipofGanandHakkaisoneofthemosthotlydisputedquestionsinChinesedialectology.Twoimportantissuesare:(a)doHakkaandGansubgrouptogether,ordoesHakka
5、subgroupwithYueandMin?and(b)didHakkaand/orGanariseinthesouth,oraretheynortherndialectstransplantedintothesouth?TheideathatHakkaisanortherndialecttransplantedintothesouthhasitsrootsinLoHsiang-lin’s1933bookKejiaYanjiuDaolun.Lo’sintentionwastodisprovethenot
6、ion,thenprevalentamongCantoneseintellectualcircles,thattheHakkaswereanon-Chinesepeople.BasedonasurveyofHakkaclangenealogies,LoclaimedthattheancestorsoftheHakkashadmigratedinseveralwavesfromnorthernChinatotheirpresentareaofconcentration.Hepointedoutareaso
7、fagreementinphonologyand*ThispaperincorporateselementsofanunpublishedconferencepaperpresentedatICCL-6(LeidenUniversity,19-21June,1997)andentitled“PreservationandinnovationinGan,andtherelationshipofGanandHakka”.130／LaurentSagartlexiconbetweenHakkaandearly
8、formsofChinese.Tohim,thisappearedtosupporttheideaofanorthern,andancient,originoftheHakkas.Lo’stheorysoonbecameinfluentialamongstudentsofChinesedialects:itwasadoptedinimportantworks,mostnotablybyLuoChangpei(1940),YuanJiahua
