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1、PartIWisdomandBeliefsUnit1ConfucianthoughtonheavenandhumanityConfucius(551-479BC),knowninChinaasKongzi,givennameQiuandaliasZhongni,wasanativeofZouyi(present-dayQufuinShandongProvince)oftheStateofLuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod(770-476BC).Agreatthinker,educatorandfounderofConfucianism
2、,ConfuciusisanancientsagetotheChinesepeople.HiswordsandlifestorywererecordedbyhisdisciplesandtheirstudentsinTheAnalects(Lunyu).ConfuciusonHeaven:thesourceofEverythingIntheShang(1600-1046BC)andZhou(1046-256BC)dynasties,theprevalentconceptof“Heaven”wasthatofapersonifiedgod,whichinfluenc
3、edConfucius.Generally,however,Confuciusregarded“Heaven”asnature.Hesaid,“Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.”Obviously,heavenequalednature,intheeyesofConfucius.Moreover,naturewasnotalifelessmechanismseparatefromhumans;inste
4、ad,itwasthegreatworldoflifeandtheprocessofcreationoflife.Humanlifewaspartandparcelofnatureasawhole.ConfuciusonPeople:renandliRenandLiarethetwocoreconceptsofConfucius’sdoctrineaboutpeople.WhenhisstudentsFanChiaskedhimaboutren,Confuciusreplied,“lovepeople”.ThisisConfucius’mostimportanti
5、nterpretationofren.Loveforthepeopleisuniversallove.Confuciusfurtheremphasizedthatthiskindofloveshould“beginwiththeloveforone’sparents”.Hebelievednoonecouldlovepeopleingeneraliftheydidnotevenlovetheirownparents.Confuciusregarded“filialpietyandfraternalduty”astheessenceofren.TheDoctrine
6、oftheMean(Zhongyong)quotesConfuciusassaying,“Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone’sparents.”Healsosaid,“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint.”Hedidnotmeanthatchildrenshouldnotleavetheirparentsatall.Whathemeantwa
7、sthatchildrenshouldnotmaketheparentsanxiousaboutthemwhileawayfromhome.Confuciussaidagain,“Childrenshouldthinkoftenoftheageoftheirparents.Theyshouldfeelhappyforthehealthandlongevityoftheirparents.Theyshouldalsofeelconcernfortheagingoftheirparents.”Byren,Confuciusmeantuniversallovebased
8、onlov
