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ID:38769492
大小:317.51 KB
页数:72页
时间:2019-06-19
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1、Chapter18ExternalitiesandPublicGoods1Chapter18TopicstobeDiscussedExternalitiesWaysofCorrectingMarketFailureExternalitiesandPropertyRightsCommonPropertyResources2Chapter18TopicstobeDiscussedPublicGoodsPrivatePreferencesforPublicGoods3Chapter18External
2、itiesNegativeActionbyonepartyimposesacostonanotherpartyPositiveActionbyonepartybenefitsanotherparty4Chapter18ExternalCostScenarioSteelplantdumpingwasteinariverTheentiresteelmarketeffluentcanbereducedbyloweringoutput(fixedproportionsproductionfunction
3、)5Chapter18ExternalCostScenarioMarginalExternalCost(MEC)isthecostimposedonfishermendownstreamforeachlevelofproduction.MarginalSocialCost(MSC)isMCplusMEC.6Chapter18MCS=MCIDP1AggregatesocialcostofnegativeexternalityP1q1Q1MSCMSCIWhentherearenegativeexte
4、rnalities,themarginalsocialcostMSCishigherthanthemarginalcost.ExternalCostsFirmoutputPriceIndustryoutputPriceMECMECIThedifferencesisthemarginalexternalcostMEC.q*P*Q*TheindustrycompetitiveoutputisQ1whiletheefficientlevelisQ*.Theprofitmaximizingfirmpro
5、ducesatq1whiletheefficientoutputlevelisq*.7Chapter18ExternalCostNegativeExternalitiesencourageinefficientfirmstoremainintheindustryandcreateexcessiveproductioninthelongrun.8Chapter18ExternalitiesPositiveExternalitiesandInefficiencyExternalitiescanals
6、oresultintoolittleproduction,ascanbeshowninanexampleofhomerepairandlandscaping.9Chapter18MCP1ExternalBenefitsRepairLevelValueDIsresearchanddevelopmentdiscouragedbypositiveexternalities?q1MSBMEBWhentherearepositiveexternalities(thebenefitsofrepairston
7、eighbors),marginalsocialbenefitsMSBarehigherthanmarginalbenefitsD.q*P*Aself-interestedhomeownerinvestsq1inrepairs.Theefficientlevelofrepairsq*ishigher.ThehigherpriceP1discouragesrepair.10Chapter18WaysofCorrectingMarketFailureAssumption:Themarketfailu
8、reispollutionFixed-proportionproductiontechnologyMustreduceoutputtoreduceemissionsUseanoutputtaxtoreduceoutputInputsubstitutionpossiblebyalteringtechnology11Chapter18TheEfficientLevelofEmissionsLevelofEmissions246DollarsperunitofEmissions024681012141
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