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1、Ship-to-ShipTransferofHydrocarbonProductsCaptDNBanerjee,LighterageMaster,SCILighterageCellAhugequantumofcrudeoilinthecountryisderivedfromforeignlandsandisimportedinVeryLargeCrudeCarriers(VLCCs).TheseVLCCsrequiredeepdraftedports.Lighteringbecomesimperativeastheoperationre
2、ducesavessel'sdraftforittobeabletoenterportfacilities,whichcannotacceptverylargeocean-goingvessels.Thearticledetailsthis,andmoreofinterestingfactsaboutlightering.Thehistoryofoiltankerisapartoftheevolutionofthetechnologyofoiltransportationalongsidetheoilindustry.Althoughm
3、an’suseofoilgoesbacktotheprehistoricperiod,thefirstmoderncommercialexploitationdatesbacktoJamesYoung’smanufactureof‘Paraffin’in1850.Intheearlierdays,oilfromUpperBurmawasmovedinearthenwarevesselstotheriverbankwhereitwasthenpouredintoboatholds.Wehavecomealongwayintermsoftr
4、ansportationofoil.Today’smodernUltraLargeCrudeCarrier(ULCC)canbeaslongas1,300feet(400m)longandhaveacapacityofabout500,000DWT.Withtheexceptionofpipeline,themostcost-effectivewayoftransportationofoilisbyshipping(tankers).Largertheoiltanker,cheaperitistomoveoil.Largertanker
5、shavecontributedsignificantlytothegrowingdemandsforoil.Lighterageactivitywasbornasanintegralpartinmovementofcrudeoiltoitsultimatedestination;theRefineries.IntheIndiansubcontinent,atleast80percentofthedomesticrequirementoffossilfuelcomesfromotheroilproducingnationsanditma
6、keseconomicsensetoimportcrudeoilinlargershipssuchasVLCCswithcapacitiesrangingfrom200,000to300,000metrictonnes.Howevertheseshipsaretoolargeandrequiredeepdraftedports.LighterageorLighteringistheprocessoftransferringcargobetweenvesselsofdifferentsizes.Lighteringisundertaken
7、toreduceavessel’sdraftinordertoenterportfacilitieswhichcannotacceptverylargeocean-goingvessels.Effectivemanoeuvringcontrolsarerequiredonboardboththevesseltobelighteredandthelighteringvessel.Afewservicevesselsareequippedwithbowthrusters,controllablepitchpropellers,twinscr
8、ews,andspecialrudderstoaidinmanoeuvring.MostalsohaveenginecontrolsontheBridgeandsometimesatotherlocatio
