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1、IEEETRANSACTIONSONCOMMUNICATIONS,VOL.57,NO.2,FEBRUARY2009459DecentralizedDynamicSpectrumAccessforCognitiveRadios:CooperativeDesignofaNon-CooperativeGameMichaelMaskery,VikramKrishnamurthy,andQingZhaoAbstract—Weconsiderdynamicspectrumaccessamongcogni-(channels)thataretemporarilyunoccu
2、piedbylicensedusers.tiveradiosfromanadaptive,gametheoreticlearningperspective.EachradiodynamicallyselectsseveralavailablechannelssoSpectrum-agilecognitiveradioscompeteforchannelstemporar-astobalanceitsowndemand(competition)againstsystem-ilyvacatedbylicensedprimaryusersinordertosatis
3、fytheirimposedsharingincentives(cooperation).Selectionsaremadeowndemandswhileminimizinginterference.Forbothslowlyvaryingprimaryuseractivityandslowlyvaryingstatisticsofindependentlybyeachradio,basedonlyonitsownperfor-“fast”primaryuseractivity,weapplyanadaptiveregretbasedmancehistory.
4、Wefocusonapplicationswhereprimaryusers’learningprocedurewhichtracksthesetofcorrelatedequilibriaofspectrumaccessactivitieseithervaryslowlywithtime(see[3],thegame,treatedasadistributedstochasticapproximation.This[4]),orwheretheirspectrumaccessactivitiesvaryquickly,procedureisshowntope
5、rformverywellcomparedwithotherbutaveragebehaviourvariesslowly.Exampleapplicationssimilaradaptivealgorithms.WealsoestimatechannelcontentionforasimpleCSMAchannelsharingscheme.includethereuseofcertainTC-bandsthatarenotusedforTCbroadcastinaparticularregion.IndexTerms—Cognitiveradio,dyna
6、micspectrumaccess,gametheory,stochasticapproximation,correlatedequilibrium.Sinceoptimalresourceallocationinadecentralized,com-petitiveenvironmentisnotstraightforward,weproposetooperateradiosaccordingtoagametheoreticalgorithmwhichI.INTRODUCTIONslowlyadaptsresourceallocationovertime.W
7、eshowthatthisECHNOLOGIESsuchasmobilecomputingandcellularalgorithmtracksthetime-varyingsetofcorrelatedequilibriumTtelephonyareincreasinglystrivingtodeliveran“alwaysactionsofthegame,sothateachradiolearnstorespondconnected”userexperience.Asthesetechnologiesbecomeoptimallytoitsenvironme
8、nt.Forappropriatera
