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1、四川农业大学2011年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题科目名称：1080英语(总分：100分)考生注意：所有答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效！本试题随同答题纸交回！EnglishTestforCandidatesofDoctors(SichuanAgriculturalUniversity2011)PartOne:Readingcomprehension(40%)PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswitht
2、hebody'ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse."Ananimalthatcan'tdetectdangercan'tstayalive,"saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神经元)
3、deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃体).LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalareceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygd
4、alaappraisesasituation—Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme—andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals
5、,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey'reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,"Ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear."Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutu
6、reevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worryThat'snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell."Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,"hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoco
7、nstructiveaction—likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere'sarightwaytoworry."Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan,"hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe'refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.Unfort
8、unately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit'sbeendifficu
