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1、TowardsaRepresentationofIdiomsinWordNetChristianeFellbaumCognitiveScienceLaboratory,PrincetonUniversityRiderUniversityPrinceton,NewJersey,USA1Introductionisnoagreementontheboundarybetweenlit-eralandnon-literallanguage,seee.g.(0).Cri-WordNet(0;0)isperhapsthemostwidelyusedteriath
2、atarecommonlyacceptedincludese-electronicdictionaryofEnglishandservesasmanticnon-compositionalityandsyntacticcon-thelexiconforavarityofdi erentNLPap-straintsoninternalmodi cation(suchasadjec-plicationsincludingInformationRetrieval(IR),tiveandadverbinsertion)andmovementtrans-Wor
3、dSenseDisambiguation(WSD),andMa-formations.OurpurposehereisnottoattemptchineTranslation(MT).DespiteWordNet'sacleardelimitationorde nitionofnon-literallargecoverage,whichcomprisessome100,000language,buttoexaminehowextendedsensesconceptslexicalizedbyapproximately120,000ofwordsand
4、phrasesfromdi erentsyntacticwordforms(strings)andiscomparabletothatandlexicalcategories-orconformingtononeofofacollegiatedictionary,itcontainsrelativelythestandardcategories-arecompatiblewiththelittle gurativelanguage.WordNetincludesanetworkstructureofarelationallexiconlikenumb
5、erofmulti-wordstrings,suchasphrasalWordNetanditsparticularwayofrepresent-verbs,butmanyidiomaticverbphraseslikeingwordsandconcepts.Ourdiscussionwillfo-smellarat,knowtheropes,andeathumblepie,cuson,butnotbelimitedto,idiomaticverbaremissing.Idiomsandmetaphorsaboundinphrases.everyda
6、ylanguageandarefoundintextsspan-ningmanygenres(see,e.g.,(0)foranumerical2Asimpleclassi cationestimateofthefrequencyofidiomsand xedAninspectionofidiomdictionarysourcessuchexpression).Clearly,adictionarythatincludesas(0)suggestsathree-folddistinctionamongextendedsensesofwordsandp
7、hrasesislikelyidiomsforourpurposes.toyieldmoresuccessfulNLPapplications.Ontheonehand,nosystemwantstoretrievethe3Constructionsstringbucketfromtheidiomkickthebucket.Ontheotherhand,MTandWSDe ortsneedFirst,someidiomaticconstructionsaresimplytodistinguishthesenseofropesinphraseslike
8、toocomplextobeintegratedintoWordNetandknow/learn/teach
