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1、PROGRESSINPHOTOVOLTAICS:RESEARCHANDAPPLICATIONSProg.Photovolt:Res.Appl.2004;12:6992(DOI:10.1002/pip.541)SpecialIssueThin-FilmSolarCells:AnOverview12,y1K.L.Chopra,P.D.Paulson*andV.Dutta1PhotovoltaicLaboratory,CentreforEnergyStudies,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,HauzKhas,NewDelhi-110016,Ind
2、ia2InstituteofEnergyConversion,Newark,Delaware19716,USAThinfilmsolarcells(TFSC)areapromisingapproachforterrestrialandspacephotovoltaicsandofferawidevarietyofchoicesintermsofthedevicedesignandfabrication.Avarietyofsubstrates(flexibleorrigid,metalorinsulator)canbeusedfordepositionofdifferentlaye
3、rs(contact,buffer,absorber,reflector,etc.)usingdif-ferenttechniques(PVD,CVD,ECD,plasma-based,hybrid,etc.).Suchversatilityallowstailoringandengineeringofthelayersinordertoimprovedeviceperfor-mance.Forlarge-areadevicesrequiredforrealisticapplications,thin-filmdevicefabricationbecomescomplexandre
4、quirespropercontrolovertheentireprocesssequence.Properunderstandingofthin-filmdepositionprocessescanhelpinachiev-inghigh-efficiencydevicesoverlargeareas,ashasbeendemonstratedcommerciallyfordifferentcells.Researchanddevelopmentinnew,exoticandsimplematerialsanddevices,andinnovative,butsimplemanu
5、facturingprocessesneedtobepursuedinafocussedmanner.Whichcell(s)andwhichtechnologieswillultimatelysucceedcom-merciallycontinuetobeanybody’sguess,butitwouldsurelybedeterminedbythesimplicityofmanufacturabilityandthecostperreliablewatt.CheapandmoderatelyefficientTFSCareexpectedtoreceiveaduecommer
6、cialplaceunderthesun.Copyright#2004JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.keywords:thin-filmsolarcells;thinfilms;maturityindex;reviewINTRODUCTION1hemoderneraofphotovoltaicdevicetechnologyreacheditsGoldenJubileeyearin2003.Sincethe2discoveryofapnjunctionSiphotovoltaic(PV)devicereportedin1954,thescienceandtechnology
7、TofPVdevices(solarcells)andsystemshaveundergonerevolutionarydevelopments.Today,thebestsinglecrystalSisolarcellshavereachedanefficiencyof247%,comparedwiththetheoreticalmaximumvalue3of30%.Large-scaleproductionofsolarcellsduringtheyear2002worldwidesto
