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1、Naturalism&TheodoreDreiserEM0901徐凡NaturalismNaturalismwasaliterarymovementtakingplacefromthe1880sto1940sthatuseddetailedrealismtosuggestthatsocialconditions,heredity遗传,andenvironmenthadinescapableforceinshapinghumancharacter.Itwasdepictedasaliterarymovementt
2、hatseekstoreplicateabelievableeverydayreality,asopposedtosuchmovementsasRomanticismorSurrealism超现实主义,inwhichsubjectsmayreceivehighlysymbolic,idealistic,orevensupernaturaltreatment.Naturalismistheoutgrowthofliteraryrealism,aprominentliterarymovementinmid-19th
3、-centuryFranceandelsewhere.NaturalisticwriterswereinfluencedbyCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Theybelievedthatone‘sheredityandsocialenvironmentlargelydetermineone’scharacter.Whereasrealismseeksonlytodescribesubjectsastheyreallyare,naturalismalsoattemptstode
4、termine“scientifically”theunderlyingforces(e.g.theenvironmentorheredity)influencingtheactionsofitssubjects.Naturalisticworksoftenincludeuncouth粗野的orsordid肮脏的subjectmatterMajorfeaturesofNaturalismThecoreofnaturalismisdeterminism（决定论）Anindividual’scourseinlife
5、iswhollydeterminedbysomecombinationofanimalinstinct,heredity,andenvironment.Humanslackfreedomoftheirownwill.Alloftheiractionsarecontrolled,determined.Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Lifebecomesastruggleforsurvival.Twoofthenatura
6、list’srecurrentconcernsare:socialsystemsthatdestroyanddehumanize,andindividualexperienceoflossandfailure.Naturalismisaharsherandextremeformofrealism.Thenaturalistshaveamajordifferencefromtherealists.Theyfeelrealistsasfartoo“genteel”.Naturalistsdonotlookatthe
7、average,butattheviolent,sensational,sordid,unpleasantanduglyaspectsoflife.Theywouldgototheslumsandwriteaboutthelifeofpovertyandcrime.Theywriteaboutwar,prostitution,criminals,andalloftheseotheraspectsoflifethatarenottoopleasanttoconsider.AmericanNaturalismRep
8、resentatives:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.Thesewriters’detaileddescriptionofthelivesofthedowntroddenandtheabnormal,theirfranktreatmentofhumanpassionandsexuality,andtheir
