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1、PunctuationI.ThePurposeofPunctuationTheprimarypurposeofpunctuationistoensuretheclarityandreadabilityofwriting.Punctuationclarifiessentencestructure,separatingsomewordsandgroupingothers.Itaddsmeaningtowrittenwordsandguidestheunderstandingofreadersastheymovethroughsentences.Therulessetfort
2、hherecovermanyofthesituationsyouwillencounterinwritingresearchpapers.1.1CommaThecommaisusedwithinasentencetoseparateitselementstomakethemeaningclear.Itisused:a.beforeacoordinatingconjunction(and,or,but,for,yet,orsoetc.)joiningindependentclausesinasentenceCongresspassedthebill,andthepresi
3、dentsigneditintolaw.Thepoemisironic,forthepoet’smeaningcontrastswithherwords.Takealongataperecorder,oryouriskmisquotingyourinterviewee.Veryshortindependentclausesneednottobeseparatedbyacommaiftheyarecloselyconnectedinmeaning.Shewaslateandsomissedtheprogram.Thebellrangandeveryoneleft.b.to
4、separatewords,phrases,andclausesinaseries.WORDSBoccaccio’staleshaveinspiredplays,films,operas,andpaintings.Shebuysbread,butter,vegetables,andmanyotherthingsfromthissupermarket.Hespokeslowly,clearly,andemphatically.PHRASESAnursehastoworkatnight,onweekends,andonholidays.Weranintotheairport
5、,checkedourluggage,racedtotheboardinggate,gavetheattendantourboardingpasses,andcollapsedinourseats.CLAUSESIntheGreatDepression,millionslosttheirjobs,businessesfailed,andcharitableinstitutionsclosedtheirdoors.Butusesemicolonswhenitemsinaserieshaveinternalcommas.13Pollstersfocusedtheireffo
6、rtsonColumbus,Ohio;DesMoines,Iowa;andSaintLouis,Missouri.a.betweencoordinateadjectives—thatis,adjectivesthatseparatelymodifythesamenoun.Criticspraisethenovel’sunaffected,unadornedstyle.Thenewregimeimposedharsh,repressivelaws.b.tosetoffaparentheticalcomment,oranaside,ifitisbriefandclosely
7、relatedtotherestofthesentence.Thevernacular,afterall,wasthelanguageofeverydaylife.Tonight’sperformance,I’msorrytosay,hasbeencanceled.c.tosetoffanonrestrictivemodifier—thatis,amodifierthatisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentences.Anonrestrictivemodifier,unlikearestrictiveon
