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1、ElectrochimicaActa45(2000)2483±2498www.elsevier.nl:locate:electactaPrinciplesandapplicationsofelectrochemicalcapacitorsR.KoÈtza,*,M.CarlenbaPaulScherrerInstitut,GeneralEnergyResearchDepartment,CH-5232Villigen,SwitzerlandbABBCorporateResearch,CH-5405Baden:DaÈttwi
2、l,SwitzerlandPapersreceivedinNewcastle,20December1999AbstractElectrochemicalcapacitors(EC)alsocalled`supercapacitors'or`ultracapacitors'storetheenergyintheelectric®eldoftheelectrochemicaldouble-layer.Useofhighsurface-areaelectrodesresultinextremelylargecapacitan
3、ce.SinglecellvoltageofECsistypicallylimitedto1±3Vdependingontheelectrolyteused.Smallelectrochemicalcapacitorsforlow-voltageelectronicapplicationshavebeencommerciallyavailableformanyyears.DifferentapplicationsdemandinglargeECswithhighvoltageandimprovedenergyandpo
4、werdensityareunderdiscussion.Fundamentalprinciples,performance,characteristics,presentandfutureapplicationsofelectrochemicalcapacitorsarepresentedinthiscommunication.©2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Electrochemicalcapacitors;Electronicapplicati
5、ons;Voltage;Supercapacitor;Ultracapacitor;Doublelayer1.IntroductionmarketsuchdeviceswereundertakenbySOHIO[2].However,onlyintheninetieselectrochemicalcapaci-Capacitorswhichstoretheenergywithintheelectro-torsbecamefamousinthecontextofhybridelectricchemicaldouble-l
6、ayerattheelectrode:electrolyteinter-vehicles.ADOEultracapacitordevelopmentprogramfaceareknownundervariousnameswhicharetradewasinitiatedin1989,andshorttermaswellaslongmarksorestablishedcolloquialnamessuchas`double-termgoalswerede®nedfor1998±2003andafter2003,layer
7、capacitors',`supercapacitors',`ultracapacitors',respectively[3].TheECwassupposedtoboostthe`powercapacitors',`goldcapacitors'or`powercache'.batteryorthefuelcellinthehybridelectricvehicleto`Electrochemicaldouble-layercapacitor'isthenameprovidethenecessarypowerfora
8、cceleration,andaddi-thatdescribesthefundamentalchargestorageprincipletionallyallowforrecuperationofbrakeenergy.Todayofsuchcapacitors.However,duetothefactthatthereseve
