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1、EncyclopaediaofMathematicalSciencesVolume11AlgebraIConsultingEditors:A.I.KostrikinI.R.ShafarevichIgorR.ShafarevichBasicNotionsofAlgebraWith45FiguresSpriingerAuthorIgorR.ShafarevichSteklovMathematicalInstituteRussianAcademyofScienceGubkinaul.8117966Moscow,RussiaTranslatorMilesReidMathem
2、aticsInstituteUniversityofWarwickCoventryCV47AL,UKFoundingeditoroftheEncyclopaediaofMathematicalSciences:R.V.GamkrelidzeTitleoftheRussianedition:Itoginaukiitekhniki,Sovremennyeproblemymatematiki,Fundamental'nyenapravleniya,Vol.11,Algebra1PublisherVINITI,Moscow1986OriginallypublishedasA
3、lgebraIbyA.I.KostrikinandI.R.Shafarevich(Eds.),Volume11oftheEncyclopaediaofMathematicalSciences.MathematicsSubjectClassification(1980):12-XX,20-XXISSN0938-0396ISBN-103-540-25177-4SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkISBN-13978-3-540-25177-4SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkThisworkissubjecttoco
4、pyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyun
5、dertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMediaGmbHspringeronline.com?Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelb
6、erg2005PrintedinGermanyTheuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Typesetting:AscoTradeTypesettingLtd.,H
7、ongKongProduction:LE-TgXJelonek,Schmidt&VocklerGbR,LeipzigCoverDesign:E.Kirchner,Heidelberg,GermanyPrintedonacid-freepaper46/3142YL543210BasicNotionsofAlgebraLR.ShafarevichTranslatedfromtheRussianbyM.ReidContentsPreface4§1.WhatisAlgebra?6Theideaofcoordinatisation.Examples:dictionaryo